Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

Dietary crude protein optimization for enhanced growth performance in indigenous chickens during the starter phase

Muhammad Kiggundu

Formulating diets that meet the nutrient requirements of indigenous chickens during the starter phase is essential for optimal growth, feed efficiency, profitability, and sustainability in poultry production. This study evaluated the growth response of indigenous chickens to varying crude protein (CP) concentrations in starter diets and determined the optimal CP requirement during this phase. A total of 240-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to four iso-caloric starter diets containing 16%, 18%, 20%, and 22% CP, with three replicates per treatment. The birds were housed in deep litter floor pens with 20 birds per cage, provided ad libitum access to feed and water, and monitored for eight weeks. Weekly data collection included body weight (BW) and feed intake, from which average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Results showed that increasing dietary CP significantly improved growth performance. Final body weight, feed intake, and ADG increased with higher CP levels, with the 22% CP diet yielding the highest final weight (380.8 g) and ADG (12.3 g/d). However, the lowest performance was observed with the 16% CP diet. Feed intake peaked at 1300.9 g for the 22% CP diet, and FCR decreased with increasing CP content. Regression analysis suggested that FCR is optimized at 20.5% CP. These findings highlight the importance of precise CP formulations to enhance growth efficiency and profitability in intensive indigenous chicken production systems.

Environmental factors affecting Trichoderma spp. and their biocontrol potential in post-harvest disease management

Abdulnabi A. A. Matrood

Trichoderma species are filamentous fungi inhabiting soil environments. These organisms are employed in agriculture due to their capacity to enhance plant growth, disease resistance, and tolerance to adverse environmental conditions. However, the efficacy of Trichoderma species can be negatively impacted by various environmental factors. This investigation examines the influence of NaCl concentration, temperature, pH, and photoperiodicity on the growth of four Trichoderma species. The research aims also to assess the potential of Trichoderma spp. as biological control agents against five post-harvest fungal pathogens through in vitro experiments. Mycelial growth of all Trichoderma species exhibited a negative correlation with salinity. Maximum growth rates (4.35-4.59 cm) were observed at control salinity (0 µM). Increasing salinity levels resulted in significant reductions in mycelial growth for all species indicating that salinity detrimentally affects Trichoderma growth. Potato Dextrose Agar media consistently supported significantly higher mycelial growth (4.33-4.35 cm) than Malt Extract Agar, Carrot Agar, and Komada for all Trichoderma species. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth of all Trichoderma species ranged from 25-30°C, with maximum growth rates of 4.12-4.40 cm. Temperatures below 20°C and above 35°C resulted in substantial growth reduction for all species, demonstrating temperature's critical influence on mycelial development. Besides, the optimal pH for mycelial growth of all Trichoderma species ranged from 5 to 7, with maximum growth rates of 4.12-4.43 cm. Mycelial growth of all Trichoderma species was significantly enhanced under a 12-hour light/dark cycle (4.33-4.43 cm) compared to continuous light (2.24-2.79 cm) and continuous darkness (2.28-2.56 cm) conditions. All Trichoderma spp. treatments significantly inhibited the mycelial growth of all five fungal pathogens compared to the control group. Among them, T. koningii demonstrated the highest level of inhibition, ranging from 0.28 cm (B. cinerea) to 1.65 cm (A. niger).

Effect of different postharvest treatments on shelf life and quality of banana (Musa Spp.) at Charikot, Dolakha, Nepal

Rosna Devkota

This experiment was carried out in the laboratory of Rural Development Tuki Association, Charikot, Dolakha to study on shelf life of banana which was completed within a month. The design of the experiment was Completely randomized design (CRD) with 7 treatments and 3 replications with 7 destructive and 5 non-destructive samples. The treatments were control, unperforated bag, perforated bag, unperforated bag with KMnO4, perforated bag with KMnO4, unperforated bag treated with CaCl2, perforated bag treated with CaCl2. The data were collected from the destructive and non-destructive sample in 2 days interval and for the data analysis MS-EXCEL and R-STUDIO was used. The highest physiological weight loss was in control and lowest in unperforated polybag, unperforated polybag with KMn04, unperforated polybag with CaCl2 in all days after treatment. The highest shelf life was in unperforated bags with KMn04 while the lowest shelf life was observed in control. The highest pulp to peel ratio was observed in control while the lowest pulp to peel ratio was in unperforated bags with KMn04. The TSS showed insignificant result till 6th DAT while control showed highest and lowest was found in unperforated polybag with KMnO4 and unperforated polybag. The parameter pH showed insignificant result. During this period, expected information related to the post-harvest life of banana were explored.

Dynamics of Remittance Inflows and their effect on Nepal’s GDP

Sulav Rijal

Remittance inflows have become a crucial component of Nepal’s economy, significantly contributing to GDP growth, poverty reduction, and foreign exchange reserves. Remittances have emerged as a crucial component of Nepal's economy, significantly influencing consumption, investment, and economic stability. For underdeveloped nations like Nepal, remittances are a significant source of foreign revenue. Remittance occupies nearly one-fourth of the national GDP. It has been a dominant source of foreign currency for the last decades. Examining the existing patterns and the role of remittances in the Nepalese economy is the goal of this research work.3 This is a review-based research paper with having descriptive research design. In order to gather information and describe the findings based on the study goal, secondary data are utilized. According to the findings, Nepal has one of the highest remittance contributions to GDP among South Asian nations. Remittance and GDP revealed a positive relationship. Remittances are mostly used to cover consumption demands rather than making investments in industries that generate income. The government should provide a favorable environment in addition to suitable policy for investing remittance money in the productive sector for long-term economic sustainability. This paper examines the dynamics of remittance inflows into Nepal, analyzing their trends, sources, and macroeconomic effects. Using empirical data from the Nepal Rastra Bank (NRB), the World Bank, and other relevant studies, this review highlights the positive and negative implications of remittance dependence. It also identifies challenges and provides policy recommendations for enhancing the productive utilization of remittances.

Comparative economic analysis of Maize seed and grain production in Gulmi, Nepal

Naran Prasad Devkota Devkota

Serious hurdles plague maize cultivation in Nepal’s mid-hills, which poses many bottlenecks to commercialization and productivity. This study investigates the dynamics of maize production and commercialization in the Ishma, Malika, and Madane Rural Municipalities of Gulmi district, where maize seed and grain production has potential. The findings reveal that, while seed producers are marginally younger, their household heads perform much better than grain producers on all three family size, economic activity, and labor use criteria. Better seed and better inputs (labor and manure) benefit seed producers and increase the production cost. Although they average the same maize yield, seed producers obtain higher returns as their total return is NRs. 140669.2, compared with only NRs. 68,036.42 for grain producers. For Gulmi, maize seed production is more profitable than grain production (1.47: 1.31, respectively) as indicated by the Benefit-to-Cost ratio (B: C). Similarly, seed producers were found to have a higher (1.204) return to scale than grain producers (1.147). Production obstacles include shortages of workers, problems with pests and diseases, poor infrastructure, and lack of technical expertise. These challenges are exacerbated by marketing problems, such as distance to market and low seasonal prices, which make commercialization difficult. According to the Cobb-Douglas production function analysis, the increased cost in intercultural operations, pre-sowing operations, and post-harvest activities leads to higher income for seed and grain producers. The results pinpoint the need for improved access to inputs, technical training, and better infrastructure to enhance the maize production efficiency and commercialization in Gulmi.

PESTICIDE USE IN BANANA CULTIVATION: INSIGHTS INTO FARMERS’ KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES IN NAWALPARASI WEST, NEPAL

Prapti Ghimire

Banana, a major fruit crop in Nepal, is cultivated widely in Nawalparasi West. The study was conducted in two rural municipalities of Nawalparasi West under the Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project (PMAMP),Rupandehi, which utilized a structured survey with 100 randomly selected farmers to assess the knowledge and practices related to pesticide use. Data were analyzed using MS- Excel and Statistical Package of Social Sciences(SPSS).

The study revealed a significant gap in knowledge with 45% farmers unaware of pesticide labels and only 33% farmers being aware of Restricted Entry Interval(REI). Despite the widespread reliance on chemical pesticides, only 29% had received training on safe pesticide use and 70% farmers have no knowledge on banned pesticides in Nepal. Farmers highlighted diseases like Sigatoka leaf spot and pests such as Banana leaf and fruit scarring beetle as major challenges. Protective measures were insufficient, with 82% farmers using masks but fewer adopting gloves (4%) or aprons (3%) during application. Health issues such as burning sensation and skin irritation were commonly reported due to pesticide exposure. Additionally, unsafe storage practices were observed with only 30% farmers storing it in separate storage house. A significant association was obtained between family type, training received and education level of farmers with arrangement of separate storage house for keeping pesticides. The study underscores the urgent need for targeted training programs to promote Integrated Pest Management(IPM) and safe pesticide handling practices. Enhancing farmers’ awareness through extension activities and policy interventions is critical to mitigate health risks and environmental damage.

Assessing the Growth Performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Across Two Distinct Sites in Sindhuli Distrcit, Nepal

Yam Bahadur KC

This study investigates the growth performance of Eucalyptus camaldulensis trees in two distinct sites-Site 1 (terraced agricultural land) and Site 2 (flatland)-over a nine-year period. Key growth parameters, including diameter at breast height (DBH), height, basal area, volume, and above-ground total biomass (AGTB), were analyzed. The results demonstrate significant differences in growth performance, with Site 2 consistently exhibiting higher mean values for DBH, height, volume, and AGTB compared to Site 1, indicating a more favorable environment for tree growth. Statistical tests and regression analysis revealed that both height and DBH have a significant positive impact on tree volume, highlighting their importance in predicting growth performance. Soil nutrient analysis showed significant variations in pH levels between the two sites, with Site 2 being more acidic, likely due to the influence of Eucalyptus litter. However, other soil properties, such as potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, and soil organic carbon, showed relatively consistent characteristics. These findings underscore the importance of site-specific factors, such as topography and soil conditions, in influencing tree growth and productivity. This research provides valuable insights into the growth performance of E. camaldulensis in different environments, offering essential information for sustainable forest management, carbon sequestration strategies, and ecosystem conservation. The study highlights the need to consider site-specific factors and soil nutrient dynamics when planning and managing Eucalyptus plantations.

Zero-Waste Mushroom Cultivation: Turn Maize Cobs into Edible Gold

This article examines a cutting-edge zero-waste method of mushroom cultivation that uses maize cobs a common agricultural waste product as a substrate. This technique uses maize cobs to grow edible mushrooms like oysters (Pleurotus spp. ) while also reducing organic waste and offering a cheap nutrient-rich growing medium. along with Shiitake (Lentinula edodes). The nutritional makeup biodegradability and efficacy of maize cobs in promoting fungal growth are highlighted in the study. It also talks about the advantages for the economy and environment of using substrates made from maize cobs in both commercial and small-scale mushroom production. This zero-waste approach lessens reliance on traditional wood-based substrates while supporting circular agriculture food security and sustainable farming. For mushroom growers looking for economical and environmentally friendly cultivation techniques the results indicate that maize cobs may be a good substitute.

Optimizing Mandarin Farming in Gorkha, Nepal: A Holistic Framework for Sustainability, Productivity, and Disease Control

Various agronomic and disease management challenges threaten the productivity and sustainability of mandarin growing in Gorkha, Nepal. The main objective of this study is to investigate the cultivation practices, disease management strategies, and socio-economic factors that influence the production of mandarin in Gorkha Municipality for the increase in both sustainability and production. Primary data were collected through field surveys involving 60 Mandarin farmers using a purposive random sampling method from a sample frame of Mandarin farmers to get farmers with different farm practices while secondary data were taken from government publications. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and preferential analysis. Focusing on socio-demographic factors (age, gender, education level, farming experience), as well as agricultural practices (planting technique, disease management, and input use), the study analyses them. The findings indicate a variety of difficulties, ranging from pest and disease control to irrigation problems and little awareness of the use of high-tech cultivation practices. Although quite common practices like training, pruning, and Bordeaux mixture application are adopted, there are still gaps in disease management, and the usage of modern technologies including soil testing and plant hormones. However, as a result, the study reveals the necessity of giving farmers more education, facilitating access to resources, and the formation of synergies to fill such gaps. Improving sustainability in Mandarin farming in Gorkha will directly contribute to the overall goals of agricultural development and aims to support the livelihood of local farmers.

Zero-Waste Mushroom Cultivation: Turn Maize Cobs into Edible Gold

Aditya Siwakoti

Mushroom cultivation is a sustainable and profitable agricultural practice, but substrate selection plays a crucial role in optimizing yield and minimizing environmental impact. This article explores an innovative zero-waste approach to mushroom farming by utilizing maize cobs—a readily available agricultural byproduct—as a substrate. By repurposing maize cobs, this method not only reduces organic waste but also provides an affordable and nutrient-rich medium for growing edible mushrooms such as Oyster (Pleurotus spp.) and Shiitake (Lentinula edodes). The study highlights the nutritional composition of maize cobs, their biodegradability, and their effectiveness in supporting fungal growth. Additionally, it discusses the economic and environmental benefits of integrating maize cob-based substrates into small-scale and commercial mushroom production. This zero-waste model contributes to circular agriculture, promoting food security and sustainable farming while reducing dependency on conventional wood-based substrates. The findings suggest that maize cobs can be a viable alternative for mushroom growers seeking eco-friendly and cost-effective cultivation methods.

SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF RHIZOBIUM INOCULATION AND MICRONUTRIENTS (MOLYBDENUM AND BORON) LOADING ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF LOCAL BLACKGRAM

Shankar Bhandari Shankar Bhandari

The productivity of the local variety of blackgram is low due to poor nutrient management in mid-hills. The micronutrients, particularly Boron (B) and Molybdenum (Mo) have benefited growth, nodulation and yield parameters. Thus, a field trial was conducted during rainy seasons at the agronomy farm of Lamjung Campus, Sundarbazar in a split-plot design replicated thrice with Rhizobium inoculation as the main plot factor (inoculation and non-inoculation) and seven levels of Boron and Molybdenum as subplot factor (control, 250 ppm and 500 ppm B and Mo each and two combinations of lower and higher doses of B and Mo respectively). Boric acid and Sodium molybdate were used as the source of B and Mo respectively. Data were taken at 30, 45, 60 Days after sowing (DAS). In comparison to non-inoculated seeds, Rhizobium inoculated resulted in increased in plant height (94.23cm), pod length (4.18cm), branch numbers (9), nodules number (19), seed per pod (6), and grain yield (560 kg/ha). The higher doses of B and Mo showed more significant result in plant height (112.16cm), number of nodule count (22), pod length (4.4 cm) seed per pod (6), number of pods per plant (29), number of branches (11) across the treatments at maturity stage. The study revealed that test weight (62.35g) and grain yield (572.24 kg /ha) was heavier at 500 ppm B+500 ppm Mo at significance level P<0.05. There was no significant difference between interaction of rhizobium inoculation and micronutrient loading, which might have occurred due to heavy leaching. So further research experiment is suggested under controlled conditions, maintaining similar levels of B and Mo with Rhizobium.

The Current Status and Prospects of the Rice Processing Sector in the Fogera Plain, Northwestern Ethiopia: A Comprehensive Overview and Analysis

Dessye B. Tikuneh

Ethiopia's rice cultivation has seen substantial growth since the 1970s. Domestic production increased from 170,630.1 tons in the 2019/2020 agricultural year to 268,223.5 tons in the 2020/2021 agricultural year. This study thoroughly explores the critical challenges and abundant opportunities within the rice processing industry of the Fogera Plain, underscoring its significant potential for growth and development. The most commonly used rice milling machine models are the N90 and Nx110, which hold 42.64% and 18.60% of the market share, respectively. From 1998 to 2023, the rice milling industry in the Fogera Plain installed an average of 6.15 new machines each year, with a mean annual growth rate of 5.25%. A survey reveals that the types of processing machines are critical investments for rice processors, with market shares of 75.97%, 23.25%, and 0.78% for one-pass Engelberg, two-pass SB series, and multilevel machines, respectively. Limited investment in milled rice quality has led to lower efficiency and quality in electrically operated rice milling machines. A lack of understanding of proper processing methods means milling capacities often fall short of manufacturers' standards. As a result, processing times and operational costs increase, leading to higher energy consumption and poor rice quality, marked by broken grains and reduced market value. The profitability and competitiveness of domestic rice is adversely affected by several factors. Maintenance and repair of rice milling machines present significant challenges, with costs closely related to the machines' age and quality. Despite these challenges, Ethiopia's rice milling industry provides employment opportunities: 30.86% of workers are involved in commercial milling, while 4.94% work in custom milling. Notably, 61.73% of workers are engaged in both commercial and custom milling operations. To produce high-quality rice, it is crucial to ensure the quality of paddy, employ skilled labor, and use efficient milling machines. Middlemen and traders acquire paddy directly from farmers' gates and village mini-markets, yet rural farmers face challenges like poor road infrastructure, market isolation, a lack of vehicles, and inefficient truck logistics. These factors increase transportation costs and hinder commercialization. Several elements influence the sales of milled rice, including producers' reliance on processing services, the dual roles of processors as both millers and traders, and the limited incentives for producing high-quality products. Ethiopian millers distribute milled rice to various stakeholders, including wholesalers, retailers, middlemen, and consumers. Rice processors primarily focus on cleaning the husk and bran of paddy rice, acting as both buyers and traders while charging similar fees for their processing services. The peak months for rice processing workload are November, December, January, and February, during which 75% of the annual workload is completed. Tax incentives and strategic marketing boost competitiveness and growth in processing. Stronger cooperatives and joint-stock companies improve marketing and market reach through collaboration with governmental and non-governmental organizations. Maintaining 12-16% moisture during milling is crucial for high-quality rice. While better quality increases yields and profitability, high production costs can deter premium rice production. Effective post-harvest management, quality differentiation, robust supply chains, and educational initiatives are key to enhancing milled rice quality.

A comprehensive review on drought stress in wheat: Causes, mechanism and management practices

2025-03-25

Plant health is cornerstone for agricultue productivity and food security. Severe impacts have been observed in wheat crop including physiological, morphological and bio chemical components as a result of water insufficiency. Seedling growth aspects such as seedling length, length of primary roots, seedling dry weight, and germination percentage are also affected whenever water scarcity prevails in the soil. Early flag leaf senescence decreased the grain yield of wheat while a delay in flag leaf senescence enhanced the grain yield of wheat under drought stress. Physiological phenomena like chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, rate of evapotranspiration, and relative water content in wheat are affected by water scarcity in soil. Proline content, osmotic adjustment, and abscisic acid accumulations are affected in periods of water deficit in wheat. Escape, avoidance, recovery, and tolerance meachanism appear in the wheat crop to sort out drought stress. More effective and suitable drought-resistant wheat cultivars producing through advanced techniques are pivotal to combat against drought stress as well as for higher yield and sustainability purposes. In this paper we discussed the causes, mechanism and management practices of drought stress in wheat.

Prospecting the potential of black turmeric herbal tea: Cultivation, processing, preparation and marketable characteristics

Temin Payum — 2025-03-25

Curcuma caesia Roxb. locally called Kali Haldi in India, is a well-known medicinal herb, traditionally used in the management of many health problems including high blood pressure, stomach pain, diarrhea, muscle stiffness, nerve injury, ulcer, cancer, acidity, stomach bloat, gastric, weight management and joint pain. This herb is found to be gown in almost all Indian kitchen yard without any product to be sold in market. The present work explores the potential of unexplored C. caesia in the domain of sustainable agro-farming, the herbal tea industry, its cultivation, processing, preventive medicine, and marketable features for the employment generation. The major objectives of this study were to explore the potential of the shoot parts of the C. caesia as an herbal tea and explore the potential of C. caesia as a means of alternative livelihood, development of a healthy alternative beverage. Manual labour activities were used in cultivation, hybrid methods of dehydration and maceration were used in the processing of herbal tea and packaging were done manually, Door to door marketing and word of mouth were used in the marketing of C. caesia herbal tea. For the first time, the study reports the leaves of C. caesia as a source of herbal tea, the study also reports potential of C. caesia in relation with agro industry prospects, sustainable development, preventive medicine, employment generation and healthy beverage. The present study is a contribution to the mankind in the introduction of C. caesia as herbal health tea and put forwards the lines “Let Tea Be a Medicine and Medicine Be a Tea”.

Enhancing wheat yield through strategic irrigation management

Md. Zinnatul Islam — 2025-03-25

To assess the irrigation strategies, an experiment was conducted with three wheat varieties viz. BARI Gom-19, BARI Gom-21, and BARI Gom-24 and four levels of irrigation viz. no irrigation (control), one irrigation at the crown root initiation (CRI) stage [17 days after sowing (DAS)], two irrigations at CRI (17 DAS) and the booting stage (52 DAS), and three irrigations at CRI (17 DAS), the booting stage (52 DAS), and the heading stage (67 DAS). Variety, irrigation and their association revealed notable impact on the yield of wheat. Within the three varieties tested, BARI Gom-24 demonstrated the highest performance, producing the greatest total tillers/hill (4.43), effective tillers/hill (3.75), grains/spike (40.55), 1000-grain weight (53.93 g), and grain yield (4.41 t/ha). Regarding irrigation, the best results were achieved with three irrigation applications, resulting in the tallest plants (96.22 cm), the highest total tillers/hill (4.79), effective tillers/hill (4.17), grains/spike (44.36), 1000-grain weight (55.38 g), and grain yield (4.35 t/ha). When combining variety and irrigation, BARI Gom-24 with three irrigations produced the tallest plants (99.13 cm), the highest total tillers/hill (4.93), effective tillers/hill (4.33), grains/spike (46.39), 1000-grain weight (55.80 g), and grain yield (4.41 t/ha). All these parameters showed significantly lower performance under no-irrigation conditions. The findings suggest that providing thrice irrigations at the CRI, booting, and heading stages is the optimal strategy for maximizing wheat yield with BARI Gom-24.

Evaluation of Maize Hybrids for Agro-Morphological Traits and Grain Yield at Rampur, Chitwan

Bijay Mahato

Maize is a vital cereal crop in Nepal, contributing to food security and livestock feed. Enhancing its productivity through high-yielding hybrids is essential to meet increasing demand. This study aimed to evaluate the performance of single-cross maize hybrids based on agro-morphological traits, yield-attributing factors, and flowering attributes to identify promising hybrids for cultivation in the inner Terai regions of Nepal. The experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2023 at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal, using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Data were collected on days to 50% flowering and silking, plant height, cob height, plant population, ear number per hectare, kernel rows per cob, kernel count per row, and grain yield. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and correlation analysis were performed to assess variability and trait relationships with yield. Results showed significant differences among hybrids, with the commercial hybrid SULTAN achieving the highest grain yield (11.00 t/ha), followed by CML161/RML96 (10.68 t/ha) and RML36/RML2244 (9.87 t/ha), both statistically on par with SULTAN. These hybrids outperformed the national checks Rampur Hybrid 10 (4.82 t/ha) and Rampur Hybrid 16 (7.11 t/ha). Correlation analysis indicated strong positive associations between grain yield and plant height, cob height, kernel rows per cob, and kernel count per row. Hybrids demonstrating superior yield potential and favorable trait combinations will advance to multi-location trials, holding promise as future recommendations for the inner terai maize-growing zones of Nepal.

Evaluation of spring rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes at sub-tropical zone, Sunsari, Nepal

Bijay Mahato

Rice is a high-value economic crop, and increasing its potential yield is a must to meet global food requirements. Keeping this in view, the current research work was undertaken with the goal to evaluate the phenological, morphological, and yield-contributing characters of seven genotypes of rice, a check variety (Chaite-5), under the prevailing spring season conditions. The aim of the current investigation was to choose good genotypes with better productivity for potential cultivation in such agro-climatic regions. The experiment was conducted in spring 2024 under randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications on the research farm. Phenological, morphological, and yield traits like yield, biomass production, harvest index, grains/spike, and sterility percentage were taken into consideration. Statistical analysis with correlation coefficients was carried out to ascertain the relationship between traits and grain yield. Statistical analysis indicated large variability in the genotypes, with IR 17L 1420 having the maximum biomass and yield and IR 16L 1619 having the maximum harvest index. Chaite-5 recorded lower productivity and greater sterility. Correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between grain yield and harvest index, biomass, and grains per spike. Genotypes of larger biomass, superior harvest index, and less sterility should be selected in order to improve the productivity of rice. The research provides valuable data for further breeding of rice.

Evaluation of Maize Hybrids for Agro-Morphological Traits and Grain Yield in Inner-Terai Nepal

The experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2023 at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP) in Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. A Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications was used to evaluate various quantitative and qualitative traits, including agro-morphological characteristics, yield-contributing factors, and flowering attributes. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among the tested hybrids for all measured traits. The commercial hybrid SULTAN recorded the highest grain yield (11.00 tons/ha), followed closely by CML161/RML96 (10.68 tons/ha) and RML36/RML2244 (9.87 tons/ha), both of which performed statistically at par with SULTAN. These hybrids significantly outperformed the national checks Rampur Hybrid 10 (4.82 tons/ha) and Rampur Hybrid 16 (7.11 tons/ha). Additionally, traits such as days to 50% flowering and silking, plant height, cob height, ear number per hectare, kernel rows per cob, and kernel count per row exhibited strong positive correlations with grain yield, highlighting their importance as selection criteria in maize breeding. Hybrids demonstrating superior yield potential and favorable trait combinations will advance to multi-location trials, holding promise as future recommendations for the inner terai maize-growing zones of Nepal.

NANO FERTILIZER: A REVOLUTION IN PRECISION AGRICULTURE AND CROP PRODUCTIVITY

One recent development in contemporary agriculture that helps get around the drawbacks of the traditional fertilizer system is nano-fertilizer. This kind of fertilizer, is incredibly effective at giving plants nutrients. The plant's nutritional absorption process is consistent and waste is minimal because of their small size, which allows them to enter the tiny hole in the soil and release the nutrient gradually. Nano-fertilizer uses extremely small amounts to guarantee high yields and superior quality. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the nutritional absorbent efficiency of nano-fertilizers is roughly 20–30% higher than that of conventional fertilizers, which results in a discernible increase in crop productivity and growth. Additionally, by lowering the possibility of environmental contamination and preserving the soil's chemical equilibrium, this technology is crucial to the advancement of sustainable agriculture. The broad use of the nano-fertilizer is not without its difficulties, though. This technology takes time to become widely accepted because of its high production costs, technical complexity, and security issues. There is a need for scientific research, advanced technology and clear policy making to overcome these challenges. This review will be discussed extensively on the scientific basis, procedure, types, benefits, limitations and future prospects of the nano-fertilizer. By applying this technology in modern perfect agriculture and analyzing its potential impact, readers have aimed to provide evidence of a new horizon of sustainable development through nano-fertilizer.

Soil loss estimation and mapping of water erosion management strategies in the Northern region of Rwanda.

Martin Nizeyimana

One of the main challenges to soil degradation in Rwanda is water-induced soil erosion, which has a negative effect on the environment, crop production and quality of drinking water. The purpose of this project is to map soil erosion areas, determine the Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) status, and estimate the annual rate of soil erosion and its spatial distribution in Northern part of Rwanda. Rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, steepness, slope length, vegetation covers, and conservation strategies parameters of The Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model have been used. The model was generated through a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment. The average rate of water erosion was discovered as 72 t. ha^–1. y^–1. and inadequate erosion control management results as the cause of spatial distribution of erosion.After conducting the soil and water conservation strategies mapping, it was found that radical terraces account for 4.45 %, agroforestry covers 0.77 % and riverbanks land occupies 0.38 %. Crop rotation, radical terraces, ditches, and rainfall harvesting are the most common methods of soil and water conservation (SWC) used in the research region. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of soil and water conservation measures, indicating moderate rates of erosion in the studied area. As shown by the soil loss map, soil erosion is more severe in steep areas than in other places. For this reason, it is best to prioritize soil and water management strategies in steeper and middle, not yet protected elevated areas before extending them to low elevated land.

Quality Assessment of Commercial Tomato Paste in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Implications for Agripreneurship and Market Standards

Ali Mohammed Salih

Tomato paste is an extensively used food product in Kurdistan Region-Iraq, particularly in Sulaimani, due to its adaptability in usage by the majority of people. However, the quality of commercially available tomato paste can differ significantly, influencing consumer health and satisfaction. This study seeks to evaluate some physiochemical properties of common brands of tomato paste product (TP) of various tomato paste brands available in Sulaimani, focusing on key quality indicators. The canned tomato paste was collected from the local market in Sulaimani, Kurdistan, Iraq, from 2023 to 2024. Six (TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4, TP5 and TP6) different brands of tomato paste was collected from the domestic market and analyzed for some important physicochemical parameters, for instance pH, treatable acidity (TA), total solids (T. S.), Brix, moisture content, Total Sugar and Ash. The pH values ranged from the highest value of 4.377 (TP3) to the lowest value of 4.143 (TP2). The treatable acidity values of all the samples were almost between (1.337%–2.413%). Regarding the total solids and moisture content, TP3 had maximum total solids (34.950%) and minimum moisture (65.050%), and TP5 presented minimum total solids (28.640%) and maximum moisture content (71.360%). The °Brix and the percentage of total sugars were highest in TP4, with the Brix value of 29.267 and the general total sugar content value of 1.383% (also contributing the lowest Brix TP5 (26.500), and overall lowest total sugar TP3 (0.917%). The ash content, which shows the mineral composition of the tomato paste, was determined by calcined in a furnace at 600°C, and TP6 had the highest ash content (5.200%), while TP5 had the lowest amount (3.467%). All the tomato paste samples were examined as safe to consume and fit for standard quality parameters.

Impact of Agriculture Subsidy on Cereal crop cultivation in Dailekh Nepal

Namuna Khatri Dil Bahadur Khatri

_{This study examines the impact of agricultural subsidies on cereal crop cultivation in Dailekh, Nepal. The study focuses on assessing the status of subsidies, their effects on farming efficiency, and the factors influencing subsidy distribution. A purposive random sampling method was employed, with data collected from 100 respondents-60 subsidy recipients and 40 non-recipients. Primary data was gathered through semi-structured interviews schedule. Statistical analysis, including t-tests, chi-square tests, indexing, and logistic regression, were used to evaluate differences between subsidy recipients and non-recipients. Mainly, land preparation was found significant at 1% with t-value 10.07 in rice as well as seed cost was also found statistically significant at 5% with p-value 2.23 as well as in maize and wheat tiller cost was found significant at 1% and seed cost of maize was found significant at 5% whereas wheat seed cost was found significant at 1%.Logistic regression results indicate that factors such as education level, gender, farm size, and cooperatives membership significantly influence subsidy accessibility. The study highlights the need for targeted and efficient subsidy programs to enhance cereal production. It recommends that policymakers focus on improving access to subsidies for marginalized farmers, ensuring transparency in distribution, and integrating training programs to maximize the benefits of agricultural support initiatives.}

Agroforestry and traditional knowledge: Lessons from indigenous practices in South Asian Countries: A review

Rajesh Prasad Dahal — 2025-03-25

Agroforestry is deeply rooted in South Asian tradition as an important and dynamic land-use system that integrates agriculture and forestry. The review sums up indigenous agroforestry practices in South Asian countries, drawing attention to the multi-dimensional benefits obtained through such practices: food security, biodiversity conservation, and economic resilience. Systems such as multifunctional home gardens, Agri silviculture, silvopasture, and the Taungya system represent the innovative approaches developed in the region to integrate trees, crops, and livestock. The traditional knowledge contributing to such sustainable management is often passed down through generations. These indigenous practices, including home gardens and alley cropping, have ensured continued adaptation to evolving environmental and socioeconomic pressures, and lessons learned contribute to modern-day land management in the face of climate change and urbanization. Active women's involvement secures ecological balance and economic stability, representing the sociocultural dimensions of agroforestry. However, globalization, population pressure, and gaps in policies have confronted these practices, which has marginalized indigenous communities and shifted them towards more market-driven agricultural systems. Countries like Nepal and India have provided a policy impetus to agroforestry yet lack of integration and support remains one of the major obstacles. This review signals the importance of policy reforms that integrate traditional knowledge for sustainable development. Integration of indigenous knowledge with modern techniques of agroforestry could contribute to food security challenges, ecological resilience, and cultural heritage in South Asia. The authors call for increased institutional support and inclusive governance to mainstream agroforestry as a sustainable land-use strategy in the region.

INTEGRATED NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT FOR WATERMELON (Citrullus lanatus Thunb) CULTIVATION IN RAPTI RIVERBED, DANG, NEPAL

poonam sapkota

A field experiment was conducted at riverbed of Rapti River, Dang, Nepal from January to June, 2019 to assess the integrated nutrients management for watermelon cultivation at riverbed. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and eight treatments (compost manure + chemical fertilizer, vermi-compost + chemical fertilizer, neem seed cake powder+ chemical fertilizer, poultry manure+ chemical fertilizer, cattle manure+ chemical fertilizer, 100% from chemical fertilizer alone, control, and farmers practice). “Mastana” variety of watermelon was used for evaluating various combination of organic and inorganic fertilizer for the yield, nutrient uptake and residual soil nutrient status. After analysis of primary nutrients of the organic manures, rate of manure was fixed assuming that single or integrated source provides the 110 kg N per hectare as a reference value. Data regarding the crop vegetative growth, yield attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and residue soil nutrient status were recorded. The recorded data were analyzed by Genstat for one-way ANOVA (randomized blocks). Among the various combinations of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer, neem seed cake powder (55 N kgha^-1) + N, P₂O, K₂O (55:40:40 kgha^-1) from inorganic fertilizer was better with growth parameters such as vine length (cm), number of branches, number of leaves; which was statistically similar with cattle manure (55 N kgha^-1) + inorganic fertilizer N, P₂O, K₂O (55: 40: 40 kgha^-1) and poultry manure (55 N kgha^-1) + inorganic fertilizer N,P₂O, K₂O (55: 40: 40 kgha^-1) and significantly superior than the control plot. Neem seed cake powder integration with inorganic fertilizers resulted significantly higher fruit weight per plant and yield (tha^-1) than other treatments and significantly at par with poultry manure + chemical fertilizer and cattle manure+ chemical fertilizer for fruits number per plant. The average weight of fruits was non-significant among the treatments. Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil parameters like soil pH, total nitrogen (%), available phosphorus (kgha^-1) and available potassium (kgha^-1) at 0-20 cm and 20-50 cm and organic manure (%) at soil depth 20-50 cm were non-significant. The organic manure content at 0-20 cm depth was highest when neem seed cake powder+ chemical fertilizer was applied which was statistically similar with other treatments of integrated nutrient management but significantly higher than the full dose of N, P₂O₅, K₂O from chemical fertilizer and control. Nitrogen (%) and potassium (%) of fruits was significantly different with control but phosphorus (%) of fruit was non-significant among all tested treatments. Regarding economic analysis poultry manure + chemical fertilizer treatments resulted the highest B:C ratio (7.44) than other treatments which was statistically similar with cattle manure + chemical fertilizer (6.96), neem seed cake powder+ chemical fertilizer (6.47) and full dose of N, P₂O₅, K₂O from chemical fertilizer (6.43). Moreover, fruit weight per plant and yield (tha^-1) of neem seed cake powder+ chemical fertilizer was also significantly different with other treatment. Thus, integration of neem seed cake powder (55 N kgha^-1) with chemical fertilizer N, P₂O, K₂O (55: 40: 40 kgha^-1) would be best fitted for watermelon cultivation if farmers prepare the neem seed cake powder locally by crushing the neem seed, in river bed cultivation.

Keywords: INM, Neem seed cake powder, Chemical fertilizer, Watermelon cv. Mastana, Soil

An Evaluation of sunflower germplasms for salt tolerance based on morpho-physiological and yield attributes

Md. Zulfiqar Prince

The effects of salinity on sunflower growth were evident in the varied responses seen across morpho-physiological traits and yield attributes among six studied varieties. To explore this influence, an experiment was conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University in a net house from January to May 2019. Results showed that all varieties exhibited significant alterations to morphological characteristics aside from stem diameter under salt stress conditions. Physiological changes were also induced, except for one measure of photochemical efficiency. Notably, relative chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, transpiration rate, and total chlorophyll content shifted and in a manner dependent on variety. However, maximum photochemical efficiency did not statistically differ between varieties impacted by saline soils. Additionally, salt exposure impacted seed yield aspects such as filled and sterile seed counts per head, total seed weight per individual flower, and 1000-seed mass, with prominent variations among the tested varieties. Of the six varieties evaluated in this assessment of salt tolerance, Hysun 33 emerged as the most resilient to adverse impacts of salinity on growth and productivity.

Impact of organic and synthetic fertilizers on chili: A growth and nutrient utilization perspective

Md. Even Haque — 2025-03-25

Chili production is highly dependent on nutrient management, and the choice between organic and synthetic fertilizers significantly influences plant growth and soil health. An investigation was accomplished at field research laboratory of Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh, between January and April 2022 to assess the impact of compost-based fertilizers and chemical fertilizers on chili growth, yield, and nutrient absorption. The study followed a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications and six treatments: T₁ (100% Poultry Manure), T₂ (100% Cow dung), T₃ (100% NPKS - Recommended dose), T₄ (50% Poultry Manure + 50% NPKS), T₅ (50% Cow dung + 50% NPKS), and T₆ (Control). Growth and yield parameters, along with plant and soil nutrient analysis, were statistically analyzed and the means were compared via DMRT at a 5% significance level. The collective application of poultry manure and chemical fertilizers (T₄) significantly improved plant height, branch count, fruit diameter, fruit length, total fruit weight, individual fruit weight, and overall yield (31.77 t ha^-¹). This treatment also enhanced nutrient content (N: 1.24%, P: 0.047%, K: 0.147%, S: 0.051%) and uptake (N: 39.55 kg ha^-¹, P: 1.49 kg ha^-¹, K: 4.66 kg ha^-¹, S: 1.62 kg ha^-¹). Additionally, the combined treatments slightly improved soil organic matter, soil pH, and nutrient levels (N, P, K, S). NPKS findings highlight that integrating compost-based and chemical fertilizers, particularly poultry manure with NPKS, is a promising approach to maximizing chili productivity while sustaining soil fertility. The study bridges the existing research gap by providing empirical evidence on the optimal fertilization approach, offering valuable insights for sustainable chili cultivation in Bangladesh and similar agroecological regions.

FARMER’S PERCEPTION AND ADAPTATION STRATEGIES TO CLIMATE CHANGE ON POTATO FARMING IN NARAYAN MUNICIPALITY OF DAILEKH DISTRICT, NEPAL

Prabina Budhathoki

Introduction: Climate change is a global environmental threat to all economic sectors, particularly the agricultural sector. Farmers’ perception of climate change is a crucial element in the adaptation process. This study is aimed at analyzing farmers’ perceptions and adaptations to climate change on potato farming in Dailekh District. It was based on an analysis of data collected from 97 randomly selected farmers with focus group discussions, direct observation, and a pretested questionnaire survey.

Methods: The study employed descriptive methods to assess farmers’ perceptions of climate change and types of adaptation measures exercised to cope with climate change. Data analysis was done by using descriptive statistics, time series regression, Logit, and a seemingly unrelated regression model (SUR).

Results: Results suggested that most of the farmers of the study area perceived climatic change and its negative impact on potato farming and overall agriculture. The results show that the significant variables determining the climate change perception were socio - economic variables (gender, education, farming experience, and family size involved in agriculture) and bio-physical variables (change in precipitation, increase in drought, change in insect pests and diseases, and lack of irrigation). And significantly influenced farmers’ perception of climate change in the study area. Overall, 58.76% of the farm households adapted their farming to climate change. Changing crop varieties, changing planting time, changing harvesting time, pest management, irrigation management, fertilizer management, and crop rotation were the main adaptation methods implemented by farm households in the study area. The results from logistic regression reveal that education influenced 87.4% of farmers’ choices of adaptation measures. We found evidence of a link between farmers’ perception of climate change and the implementation of some adaptation options.

Conclusions: By assessing the farmer’s level of awareness, perception of climate change and their adaptation strategies the dialogue between farmers and researchers is identified to develop new strategies to compensate for the expected negative impacts of lack of irrigation, drought and climate-induced insect pest and disease in potato farming. The study’s finding suggest the need for greater investment in education, extension training and access to credit for climate change adaptation and improving farmers’ well-being.

Production and Marketing Opportunities and Constraints of Litchi in Syangja District, Nepal

Dikshya Aryal

Litchi is a significant subtropical evergreen fruit crop cultivated in Nepal, valued for its high nutritional content and refreshing flavor. This research was conducted to study the production and marketing opportunities and constraints of Litchi in the Syangja district of Nepal. In total, 70 samples were selected by stratified random sampling and 10 traders were selected to study marketing aspects. Primary and Secondary Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, household survey, Focus Group discussion (FGD), literature, journal articles, and other different websites. The collected data were analyzed by using statistical software like IBM SPSS and MS Excel. Litchi farming was characterized by subsistence production and conventional practices. The productivity of litchi in the study area was 3.72t/ha. Producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer marketing channel provided the highest marketing margin (95 NRS/Kg) and low producer’s share (54.29%) while the reverse was the case for channel I. Producer-retailer-consumer was the most preferred (78%) channel. The study showed that farmers ranked low volume of production as their most severe problem, with an index value of 0.9, while lack of transportation facilities was the least severe, with an index value of 0.35. 38.6% of the farmers planted seedless varieties of litchi whereas only 17.1% of litchi growers used recommended spacing between litchi trees. Prevalence of diseases, insect pests, and fruit cracking stands first with an index value of 0.98 followed by lack of technical knowledge, and post-harvest loss, while lack of irrigation facilities with the lowest index value of 0.48.

Nitrogen and Potassium Interaction in different textural soils in screen house for increased potato yield in Nepal.

Reena Sharma

Abstract

Since Nitrogen and Potassium are the first two crucial nutrients for potato nutrition, a glass house experiment was conducted in October, 2022 to assess the effect of different rates of nitrogen and Potassium on different textured soils on potato yield in National Potato Research Program, Khumaltar. The observation of potato’s responses to potassium and nitrogen under different soil texture may help to identify optimum nitrogen and potassium levels in the available soil type. The 3 types of soil were silt loam, sandy loam, and loamy sand. The pot was 40x24x24cm in dimensions. The different nitrogen and potassium rates were based on fertilizer recommendation for potato i.e.,100:100:60 kg/ha NP₂O₅: K₂O.The phosphorus was kept constant in all treatments. The experiment consisted of 3 factors; Nitrogen rates, Potassium rates, and Soil texture and conducted in factorial RCB Design. The nitrogen was applied at the rates 50, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha. One treatment was made with no any nitrogen added i.e., without any nitrogen fertilizer. The potassium was applied in 4 rates as 30, 60, 90, 120 kg/ha. The total treatments were 49 and replicated thrice. The Variety was Janakdev which was a late maturing variety and also late blight resistant. In sandy loam type soil, the highest tuber weight/plant (547 gram/plant) was observed in Nitrogen 200 kg/ha and Potassium 90 kg/ha. In loamy sand type soil, the highest tuber weight per plant was obtained from (501 gram/plant) the treatment Nitrogen 200 kg/ha and Potassium 120 kg/ha. In silty loam type soil type, the highest tuber weight/plant is 483.3 gm/plant provided by Nitrogen 200 kg/ha and Potassium 120 kg/ha. In soil texture-Nitrogen-Potassium interaction, the highest tuber weight /plant (504.7 gram) was given by loamy sand with 100kg/ha nitrogen and 90kg/ha potassium. It can be concluded that we can increase nitrogen up to 200 kg/ha, also the yield can be optimized by potassium in higher rate up to 90-120 kg/ha for increased potato yield in any textured soils. Also, it seems sandy loam type soil is best for potato high yield production.

Production and Marketing Opportunities and Constraints of Litchi in Syangja District, Nepal

Dikshya Aryal

Litchi is a significant subtropical evergreen fruit crop cultivated in Nepal, valued for its high nutritional content and refreshing flavor. This research was conducted to study the production and marketing opportunities and constraints of Litchi in the Syangja district of Nepal. In total, 70 samples were selected by stratified random sampling and 10 traders were selected to study marketing aspects. Primary and Secondary Data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire, household survey, Focus Group discussion (FGD), literature, journal articles, and other different websites. The collected data were analyzed by using statistical software like IBM SPSS and MS Excel. Litchi farming was characterized by subsistence production and conventional practices. The productivity of litchi in the study area was 3.72t/ha. Producer-wholesaler-retailer-consumer marketing channel provided the highest marketing margin (95 NRS/Kg) and low producer’s share (54.29%) while the reverse was the case for channel I. Producer-retailer-consumer was the most preferred (78%) channel. The study showed that farmers ranked low volume of production as their most severe problem, with an index value of 0.9, while lack of transportation facilities was the least severe, with an index value of 0.35. 38.6% of the farmers planted seedless varieties of litchi whereas only 17.1% of litchi growers used recommended spacing between litchi trees. Prevalence of diseases, insect pests, and fruit cracking stands first with an index value of 0.98 followed by lack of technical knowledge, and post-harvest loss, while lack of irrigation facilities with the lowest index value of 0.48.

Integrating microbial consortia into biofertilizers for sustainable agriculture: Enhancing plant productivity and soil health

Nandish Gurubasajar — 2025-03-25

Sustainable agriculture focuses on maintaining the soil health, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting plant productivity. Biofertilizers, using beneficial microbes, have become a powerful tool in biofertilizer formulations, enhancing plant productivity and soil health. Microbial consortia, composed of bacteria, fungi, and algae, play a crucial role in biofertilizer formulations by improving soil health and structure, converting atmospheric nitrogen into plant-accessible forms, breaking down insoluble phosphorus, mobilizing micronutrients, and promoting plant growth through growth-regulating hormones and bio control. Benefits of microbial consortia include enhanced plant productivity, reduced environmental impact, soil health restoration and resilience to environmental stress. However, their effectiveness can be affected by factors like environmental conditions, storage and microbial species compatibility. Careful formulation and application of microbial consortia are essential for their success. Regulatory approval is crucial for large-scale implementation and understanding the interactions between different microbes is necessary to design effective consortia that maximize benefits and minimize negative outcomes. This review emphasizes the crucial role of beneficial soil microorganisms in managing the rhizosphere, promoting plant growth and yield through a cost-effective, non-toxic, and eco-friendly approach.

Effect of water spraying time on nutritional quality of mung bean sprouts

Shekh Tanjina Islam Dola — 2025-03-25

The study evaluates the effect of spraying time on growth and nutritional quality of sprouts from two mung bean varieties. The experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four replications. This study used two factors experiment (variety and spraying time) comprised three treatments for the two mung bean varieties, BARI Muge Bean 2 and BARI Muge Bean 5. The water spraying times were categorized T₁(15 seconds), T₂(18 seconds) and T₃(20 seconds). Data were collected in the Plant Biotechnology Lab and Post Harvest Lab, PSTU. Significant variations were observed in the result; the highest sprout shoot length (6.05 cm) and root length (1.10 cm) were recorded in T₃. Additionally, the highest fresh sprout weight was with T₃measuring (25.90 g). Regarding chemical parameters, the highest values were noted as follows: pH in T₃(6.49), Total Soluble Solids (TSS) in T₁ (7.22%,), vitamin C in T₃(13.20 g), anthocyanin in T₃(77.50 mg), antioxidants content in T₃ (126.40 mg), phenol content in T₃(146.72 mg), carbohydrate in T₃ (6.08 g), total sugar in T₁(4.22 g) and reducing sugar in T₁(2.17 g). In conclusion, the combination of longer spraying time and the BARI Mung Bean 5 variety produced higher quality sprouts and enhanced biochemical content, with the exception of pH, TSS, and sugar levels. Future research should explore additional factors affecting sprout quality.

Cluster-based large -scale demonstration of improved wheat technologies in Silte and Gurage Zones, Central Region, Ethiopia

Getachw Dessalegn Shiferaw

Cluster-based large-scale demonstration and popularization of improved wheat varieties with agronomic practices was conducted in Silte and Gurage zones. Four representative districts were selected from the two zones on the basis of EFSRP beneficiary districts. Accordingly, two districts (Misrak Azernet and Worabe town administration) from the Silte zone and two districts (Sodo and Endegagn) from the Gurage zone were selected due to their potential for bread wheat production and high demand for the crop. Training for the participant farmers was given, and different stakeholders participated at each wheat cluster site. The field day was organized on October 12, 2023, at Misrak Azernet district, Mehal Adazer Kebele, to involve key stakeholders and enhance linkages among relevant actors. The wheat variety applied in the Misrak Azernet district, Worabe town, and Debub Sodo district was kekeba, and in the Endegagn district wane variety was used, which are currently productive and high yielding at the recommended agroecology. The descriptive statistics revealed that the average yields of wheat were 47.2, 32.31, 33.13, and 31.5 quintal ha-, and their standard deviations were 8.84, 8.56, 6.33, and 5.8 in Misrak azernet, Worabe town administration, Endegagn, and Debub Sodo districts, respectively. The yields obtained at each cluster site were greater than the national average yield and district productivity. Thus, it is recommended that it is better to disseminate and address wide areas of the community through extension systems with their full packages, including agronomic practices. Farmers should use wheat in clustered form for better management to increase their wheat production and generate more income for their livelihood.

A review on the impact of wildfires on ecosystems, water quality, and health risks to humans

O.P. Bansal — 2025-03-25

Due to global warming, climatic changes, and enhanced anthropogenic activities (due to population growth) over the past 20 years, the number and intensity of wildfires have increased manifold around the world. Although forest fire is integral to shaping the forest’s flora and fauna and maintaining the environment’s health, frequent fires and their severity are causing several adverse impacts on the environment, aquatic organisms, wild animals, and humans. Wildfire releases the volatile organic pollutants in the environment (in the form of smoke), inducing changes in soil physicochemical properties and affecting the hydrological cycle. The pH values of soil and surface water are altered due to ash, which adversely impacts the aquatic organisms and soil microbes. The soil’s water retention capacity significantly reduced (35-45%). The smoke generated during wildfires adversely affects the health of wild animals and humans. Trends that are predicted to continue are not only a natural disturber of forests and ecosystems but also significantly affect human and wild animals’ health adversely. Wildfires not only damage forests and have a negative impact on human and animal health but also threaten water security, increase the probability of flooding, and increase economic losses. In-depth research and understanding on this topic are urgently needed for the better management of forest ecosystems. In this review research information publish after 2019 was considered and we have discussed the recent update in wildfire and forest fire, their causes, impacts on the soil quality, water resources, biodiversity and human health, and this article will serve as the basis for future wildfire research.

Effect of different packaging materials and calcium chloride on post-harvest longevity of banana

Arjun Acharya — 2025-03-25

Nepal produces large amount of bananas annually but suffers significant losses owing to inappropriate postharvest management. The objective of the study was to determine the influence of polythene and fiber bag packaging, and calcium chloride treatment on bananas quality and shelf life. The two-factor experiment involved treatments that included bananas wrapped in a polythene and fiber bag of size 60 cm × 60 cm, and an open space, combined with calcium chloride concentrations of 1%, 3%, and 5%, along with untreated fruits kept in open space without using any bag as a control. Each treatment was replicated three times in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The research was conducted for 16 (sixteen) days and the observation taken were physiological weight loss, ripening percent, titratable acidity (TA), and total soluble solid (TSS). Polythene bag with 5% CaCl₂ reduced 89.6% weight loss than that of open space with 0% CaCl₂. Similarly, polythene bag with 5% CaCl₂ reduced ripening percentage by 10.72% compared to open space with 0 % CaCl₂. Polythene bag also reduced ripening percentage by 4.14% compared to fiber bag at 16^thDay of study. On the 16^th Day, ripening percentage was reduced by 5% by 5% CaCl₂ concentration compared to 0% CaCl₂.A longer time to reach ripening stage was observed in polythene than those of fiber bags and open space. Thus, the polythene bag with 5% CaCl₂ fruits had the highest TSS content (23.2 ⁰Brix).

In vitro comparative toxicity of chemical insecticides and botanicals against ladybird beetle (Micraspis discolor F.) in Nepal

Puja Khadka — 2025-03-25

Micraspis discolor F. is the most abundant ladybird beetle in rice crop ecosystems and an effective natural predator of several economically significant agricultural pests. However, the widespread use of non-selective insecticides has disrupted natural enemy populations, highlighting the need for safer alternatives to integrate into pest management strategies.
Limited research exists on the toxicity of commercial and bio-rational insecticides on beneficial insects. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicity of various insecticides and botanicals in a laboratory setting to determine which pesticide is safest for M. discolor and to assess its mortality. The experiment followed a completely randomized design with five treatments: Azadirachtin 0.03% EC, garlic extract, Dimethoate 30% EC, Chlorpyrifos 50% EC + Cypermethrin 5% EC, and a control, each replicated five times. Mortality rates were recorded at 24, 48, and 72 hours’ post-exposure. The results showed that M. discolor was significantly affected by Chlorpyrifos 50% EC + Cypermethrin 5% EC, which caused the highest mortality (86%) after 72 hours, followed by Dimethoate (74%). Among the tested substances, garlic extract was the safest, with a mortality rate of 54%, although still higher than the control, which exhibited no mortality. These findings highlight the potential of botanical extracts as safer alternatives for pest management, aiding in the conservation of beneficial insect populations. Furthermore, in order to promote sustainable agriculture, future research should concentrate on developing safer substitutes that reduce damage to pollinators, parasitoids, and natural predators while preserving efficient pest control.

Genetic variability, character association and path analysis of yield and yield attributes of rice genotypes at Lalitpur, Nepal

Shovit Khanal — 2025-03-25

Rice is a staple for over half the world’s population. Location-specific varietal trials help identify suitable genotypes with desirable traits. A study in Lalitpur, Nepal, evaluated 12 rice genotypes in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications to assess genotypic variability, character association, and path analysis for yield-related traits. Observations from five randomly selected plants per plot were analyzed statistically. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences among genotypes for most traits, indicating ample genetic variability. Grain yield (20.26) showed the highest genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), while effective tillers (24.26%) had the highest phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV), followed by grain yield, straw yield, and tiller number. High heritability and high genetic advance as percent of mean were noted for days to flowering (35.15), total grain per panicle (34.84), tiller number (33.39), and panicle weight (31.55), suggesting additive gene control and selection potential. Grain yield was positively correlated with panicle length (r = 0.47**), total grain per panicle (r = 0.40*), panicle weight (r = 0.43**), tiller number (r = 0.34*), and straw yield (r = 0.62*). Path analysis showed total grain per panicle (2.55) had the highest positive direct effect on yield, alongside days to flowering, plant height, effective tillers, unfilled grains per panicle, and straw yield. Khumal-4, Khumal-8, and Taichung-176 emerged as superior genotypes. Hence, it is strongly advised that these traits be chosen in rice breeding programs to further enhance production. Khumal-4, Khumal-8, and Taichung-176 were the most promising genotypes.

Impact of reduced rate of pre-emergence herbicide with aqueous extract of mustard crop residues on different weed management indices and yield of transplanted aman rice

Naymur Rahman Arif — 2025-03-25

Effective weed management with herbicides and crop extracts boosts rice yield and growth. In this respect, a field experiment was conducted from July to December 2023 at the Agronomy Field Laboratory (AFL), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, to evaluate the effect of mustard crop residue extract combined with reduced herbicide doses on the yield and attributes of T. aman rice. The study involved three rice varieties BRRIdhan49, BRRI dhan87, and Binadhan-7 and seven treatments: no weeding (control), recommended dose of herbicide at pre-emergence (RDHP), mustard crop extract (MCE), 80% RDHP + MCE, 70% RDHP + MCE, 60% RDHP + MCE, and weed-free conditions. Results showed the highest weed growth in control treatment and the lowest in the weed-free treatment, with 80% RDHP + MCE showing the second-lowest weed growth. The weed-free treatment achieved the highest weed control index (WCI), weed control efficiency (WCE), and herbicide efficiency index (HEI), while minimizing weed index (WI), weed population index (WPI), weed mass index (WMI), and the Ammonia Index (AMI), followed by 80% RDHP + MCE. BRRI dhan87 produced the highest grain yield (5.36 t ha^-¹), while BRRI dhan49 had the lowest (4.54 t ha^-¹). The highest yield was recorded in the weed-free treatment (5.80 t ha^-¹), followed by 80% RDHP + MCE (5.35 t ha^-¹), and the control produced the lowest yield (2.63 t ha^-¹). The study concludes that using 80% RDHP combined with MCE is an effective weed control strategy that enhances T. aman rice yield by reducing herbicide dependency.

Prospects and constraints of coffee production, processing and marketing in Syangja, Nepal

Bandana Shah — 2025-03-25

Coffee is a major plantation cash crop in the mid-hills of Nepal. Syangja is one of the leading districts for coffee production and export in Nepal. This research was aimed at assessing the production potential, processing constraints, and marketing challenges of coffee in the Syangja district. The study was conducted in three rural municipalities of Syangja, namely Arjunchaupari rural municipality, Biruwa rural municipality, and Putalibazar municipality. A total of 120 samples were selected using a mixed sampling technique, combining purposive and random sampling methods. Face-to-face (FtF) interviews were conducted using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Data were analysed using the Relative Importance Index (RII) and forced ranking methods. The major production constraint was infestation by white stem borer (RII = 0.846), while improper cherry picking (RII = 0.9) was the most significant processing challenge. In terms of marketing, low profit margins (0.74) and price fluctuations (0.635) were identified as key constraints. Despite challenges, Syangja has strong coffee-growing potential due to its favourable climate and high economic returns. The study highlights that coffee cultivation has strong potential to enhance rural incomes in Syangja, but existing challenges in production, processing, and marketing need to be addressed. Poor government support and inadequate market linkages have resulted in dissatisfaction among farmers. Therefore, integrated interventions, including improved pest management, enhanced processing techniques, and cooperative-based marketing models, should be introduced by the Nepal government to improve the sustainability and profitability of the coffee sector in Syangja.

Neglected and underutilized fruits in Nepal: Importance, Challenges and Conservation approaches

Barsha Mahato — 2025-03-25

This paper investigates the neglected and underutilized fruits (N&U fruits) of Nepal, aimed to explore the potential of N&U fruits in Nepal, examining their importance, challenges, and conservation strategies. The study employs a comprehensive review of N&U fruit species in Nepal, focusing on their ecological distribution, socio-economic significance, and barriers to conservation and utilization. Key findings indicate that certain indigenous fruits, grown at altitudes ranging from 60 m to 4700 m, have the potential to contribute up to 5-10% of local agricultural income and can significantly boost rural economies. These fruits also provide ecological benefits, such as soil erosion prevention and increased biodiversity, with deep root systems that stabilize soils, particularly in the hilly regions. Additionally, N&U fruits are highly nutritious, providing essential carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive compounds that aid in addressing malnutrition and preventing health issues such as cardiovascular diseases. Despite these advantages, challenges such as insufficient research, shifting preferences toward exotic varieties, and climate change hinder their cultivation and commercialization. Conservation strategies like on-farm, in-situ, and ex-situ methods have been implemented, with approximately 30% of local crop diversity being conserved through on-farm strategies. Strengthening research and improving market access could increase the utilization of these fruits by up to 50%, contributing to both economic development and environmental sustainability. This study highlights the urgent need for interdisciplinary research and the development of comprehensive conservation frameworks to ensure the sustainability of these valuable genetic resources for future generations.

Impact of agricultural credit on profitability and efficiency of onion cultivation in a selected area of Bangladesh

Mohammad Ataur Rahman — 2025-03-25

Onion is one of the most important commercial spice crops in Bangladesh, grown and consumed almost all over the country. The purpose of this study was to look at the socioeconomic factors, loan profile, profitability and efficiency, as well as the effect of credit on onion production in Bangladesh's Pabna district. Stochastic production frontier method and profitability analysis was used in this study. Primary data were collected through a field survey of 120 onion farmers using a semi-structured interview schedule. The major findings of this study revealed that the majority of the sample farmers were between the ages of 30 and 64; the average family size and annual household income were 5.36 persons and Tk. 264,450 (US$ 2409.57). About 85 percent of the loan money was used for onion cultivation in the study area. Onion production was profitable in the study area. Per hectare, total cost, total return, gross margin, net return, and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) were Tk. 384090.5 (US$ 3499.69), 973657 (US$ 8871.59), 671957.5 (US$ 6122.62), 589566.5 (US$ 5371.90), and 2.53, respectively, for the credit group and Tk. 378412 (US$ 3447.95), 895920 (US$ 8163.28), 599761 (US$ 5464.79), 517508 (US$ 4715.33), and 2.37, respectively, for the non-credit group. The mean farmer's technical efficiency was 94 percent. The impact of credit on onion cultivation was positive. The coefficient value was 0.081. Thus, the study area has tremendous potential for onion production; relevant authorities need to ensure the smooth, timely, and hassle-free flow of sufficient credit to the onion farmers.

Evaluating Efficacy of Newly Introduced Herbicides Against Coffee Weeds at Sidama, Ethiopia

Malkamu Fufa

Weed is the major limiting factor of coffee production in Ethiopia. Weeds in coffee cause a 65% yield reduction in the country. Nowadays, the expense of weed management has been a principal issue in Ethiopia's economic analysis of coffee production. Herbicide is the best weed management option in coffee production. Thus, the newly introduced herbicide verification trial was conducted on-site at the Hawassa Agricultural Research Center and Awada Coffee Research sub-center site in 2024, during the cropping season, to evaluate the efficacy of the newly introduced herbicide. The experiment consists of five (5) treatments of Wanda 48%SL (Glyphosate 48% g/l SL) test herbicide and XTrim 48%Sl, True killer, and Gly care 480%g/l SL, as a standard check and weedy control as a negative control. The herbicides effectively reduced weed density and improved weed control efficiency compared to weedy control. The tested herbicide Wanda 48%SL (Glyphosate 48 g/l SL) was fully controlled in the experimental plot, similar to a standard herbicide with one-time application for one season. This result suggested that one-time application at vigorous weed growth is mandatory to achieve full control throughout the season equivalent to standard control herbicides. Therefore, Wanda 48%SL (Glyphosate 48g/l SL) at 3 L/ha within 250L/ha water with one-time application per season is recommended to control weeds in coffee as an alternative management option. According to this study, all the evaluated herbicides can control coffee weeds, without different control duration. All standard checks True killer, Glycare 480% g/l SL, XTrim 48% SL, and the tested herbicide Wanda 48%SL (Glyphosate 48g/l SL) controlled weed species within 7 to 21 days.

Optimizing soil quality and mustard (Brassica juncea) yield through spacing and sesbania incorporation

Israt Jahan Irin — 2025-03-25

Soil fertility is an important variable in achieving higher production scales. Sesbania is frequently utilized as an alternate material for soil fertility improvement since it improves the chemical characteristics of soil and supplies plant nourishment after decomposition. An experiment was conducted at Khulna Agricultural University to investigate the way plant spacing and sesbania incorporation affect mustard yield, yield characteristics, and soil fertility. The study laid out randomized complete block design included six treatments, which consisted of three different spacing’s, along with the incorporation of sesbania green manuring crops as a soil fertility improver and using BARI-14 sarisha as the test crop. The findings of the experiment showed that the majority of the yield and yield components notably varied with variation of spacing and sesbania application. Results showed that sesbania incorporated soil with optimum (30 × 20 cm) plant spacing positively impacted highest mustard yield (1.66 tha^-1), 5% more oil content and 2.4% more siliqua plant^-1 compared to no green manuring plot. On the other hand, plants set up widely (30 × 30 cm) brought in more siliquae plant^-1, seeds siliqua^-1 and 1,000-seed weight than closer spacing. Furthermore, inclusion of sesbania resulted in improvement of organic matter (7%), available nitrogen (30%), phosphorus (30%) and potassium (50%) in soil compared to non-incorporated soil. Therefore, an optimal spacing of 30 × 20, along with the integration of sesbania (5t/ha), is required to achieve enhanced mustard yield and oil content, as well as improved soil fertility.

Determinants and Possible Challenges to the Adoption of Local Kalanamak Rice in the Western Terai Region of Nepal

Local rice landraces, a crucial component for maintaining agricultural biodiversity, food and nutrition security, and a reservoir of genetic materials for breeding, are facing a significant decline in cultivation by farmers. This decline, attributed to various socio-economic, biotic, and abiotic factors and productivity-related challenges, underscores the urgent need for intervention.This research, conducted in the Kapilvastu district of Nepal, surveyed 169 farmers (70 adoptSSing local Kalanamak and 99 adopting improved varieties) using purposive sampling in 2023. The findings of this study have the potential to impact the conservation and promotion of local Kalanamak rice significantly.Among six socioeconomic and production parameters studied, the size of the household head, years of schooling, and total rice productivity significantly affected the adoption of rice varieties. Size of household (β=1.053, P =<0.05, and OR=2.866) and years of schooling of household head (β=0.404, P=<0.05, OR =1.498) showed a significant positive effect on rice adoption. The odds ratio (OR) revealed that the likelihood of adopting kalanamak rice increases with the increase in the size of the household and the number of years of schooling of the household head. On the contrary, total productivity (β= -10.216, P< 0.01, OR = 0.001) significantly affected the adaptation of rice varieties. The extremely low value of OR revealed that the likelihood of adoption of kalanamak rice decreases due to low productivity. Problem analysis showed that disease and pest infestation, irrigation, and high cost of seed, fertilizer, and farm machinery were highly persistent and impactful problems faced by kalanamak rice-adopting farmers.These findings underscore the urgent need for policy interventions that prioritize larger households and provide training facilities for low-educated farmers. Developing highly productive and disease-resistant Kalanamak cultivars and price subsidization in fertilizer, seed, and farm machinery could significantly promote the sustainable conservation of Kalanamak rice.

Effect of different concentrations of Ethephon on ripening and postharvest quality of banana (cv. Malbhog) in Chitwan district, Nepal

Barsha Mahato — 2025-03-25

The present investigation on the effect of different concentrations of Ethephon on ripening and postharvest quality of banana (cv. Malbhog) in Chitwan district, Nepal, was conducted to find out the best concentration of Ethephon on ripening and quality parameters after harvest under ambient room temperature (28±5°C) and 64% RH. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (CRD), which comprised five treatments: Control, Ethephon @200 ppm, Ethephon @400 ppm, Ethephon @600 ppm, and Ethephon @800 ppm replicated four times. Different postharvest parameters were recorded on alternate days for 9 days. The use of Ethephon @600 ppm and Ethephon @800 ppm was found more effective regarding banana ripening. On the 9th day after storage, firmness decreased significantly with ripening, with the lower firmness recorded in bananas treated with Ethephon @800 ppm (1.23 kg/cm²) and Ethephon @600 ppm (1.35 kg/cm²). Similarly, the highest pulp-to-peel ratio (3.71) was recorded with Ethephon @800 ppm. The maximum TSS (23.75 ˚Brix) was recorded in bananas treated with Ethephon @800 ppm, which was at par with the effect of other concentrations of Ethephon. TA also peaked in bananas treated with Ethephon @800 ppm (0.67%). Moreover, Ethephon significantly accelerated ripening, with bananas treated with Ethephon @800 ppm requiring only 5.50 days and Ethephon @600 ppm requiring 6.00 days. Thus, in this study, the respondent gave higher scores for bananas treated with Ethephon @600 ppm and @800 ppm, with better sweetness and flavour compared to the control.

Production and marketing system of mustard (Brassica juncea) in some selected areas of Bangladesh

Mohammad Rashidul Haque — 2025-03-25

The paper provides an estimate of the marketing efficiency of BINA Sarisha-11, the mustard variety of Brassica juncea, developed by BINA and grown in Rangpur, Jamalpur, and Magura. It looks at various aspects of marketing: the cost of cultivation and returns, the identification of participants in the marketing chain, marketing costs, margins, and efficiencies at different levels. A total of 180 respondents were selected through stratified random sampling comprising 90 farmers and 90 traders. The statistical tools used included profitability and marketing efficiency models. The results showed that the cultivation of BINA Sarisha-11 was profitable as an average net return of BDT 51,291 (423.64 USD) per hectare was estimated with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.94. Marketing efficiency varied among the chains; the Farmer to Retailer to final Consumer chain was the most efficient, least costly, and had the highest producer share of 64.61%. On the contrary, longer chains were costlier and offered reduced producer shares. Farmers complained of seed unavailability, high prices of fertilizers, and lack of training, while traders complained of unstable prices and high costs of transportation as major challenges. The study identifies that there is a need for policy intervention to smoothen the marketing chains, improve access to inputs, and reduce problems related to market infrastructure. This will ensure the value chain of BINA Sarisha-11 is profitable and efficient, adding to the overall sustainability in mustard cultivation within Bangladesh.

Status of large cardamom in Nepal: Trend of production, marketing, challenges and prospects

Krishna Hari Tiwari — 2025-03-25

Large cardamom (Amomum subulatum) grown mainly in the hilly regions of Nepal, is a valuable export commodity that fetch higher prices compared to other agricultural products. Its cultivation which was once restricted to country's eastern regions has now spread to 53 districts of Nepal. There is an increasing trend in both the acreage and production of large cardamom over the past 12 years in Nepal with peak production and productivity recorded in the year 2019 and 2020 which were 9545 Mt. and 0.58 t/ha, respectively. However, various challenges such as diseases and insects has reduced the potential of its production. Thus, the study focuses on identifying the requirements for improving large cardamom production, including disease management, suitable cultivars, and orchard management techniques. The problems associated with the marketing system and challenges related to price instability of large cardamom are also discussed, along with potential solutions. Also, the study proposes future goals to enhance productivity and evaluates the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) of the large cardamom production and marketing in Nepal.

Synergy of biochar and organic fertilizer improves soybean (Glycine max L.) growth by alleviation nutrient stress in strongly acidic Taiwanese soil

Marianus Evarist Ngui — 2025-03-25

The potential of biochar and organic fertilizer to enhance soil fertility, promote crop growth, and increase yield is driving their growing popularity in modern agricultural practices. This research investigated the effects of applying a combination of biochar and organic fertilizer on soil physico-chemical properties and the growth attributes of soybean (Glycine max L.) in the strong acidic soil of Taiwan. The study was conducted in a greenhouse using a pot experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design with two factorial treatments, replicated three times. Fifteen days after soil amendment, treatment B₃₅F₁₄₀ had a significant increase in soil pH of 5.54 compared to the control group. Similar treatment resulted in higher P available in soil of 19.11 mg kg^-1. In addition, 45 days after soil amendment, organic matter, available potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc increased by 19.59%, 236.36%, 38.39%, 112.76%, 7.01%, and 44.59% in the application of treatments B₇₀F₁₄₀, B₃₅F₁₄₀, B₃₅F₁₀₅, B₇₀F₁₄₀, and B₃₅F₇₀, respectively, compared to control. The tallest soybean plants were seen on the application of treatment B₇₀F₁₄₀with a maximum height of 112.75 cm, while treatment B₃₅F₁₄₀ produced many soybean plant leaves — 51 leaves per plant. Moreover, root hairs extensively grew on soybean plants grown on the amended soils than those of the control treatment. Conclusively, our findings have statistically demonstrated that the combination of biochar and organic fertilizer can improve soil quality and soybean growth characteristics under conditions of strongly acidic soil, as evidenced by a short-term pot and greenhouse study.

Growth and yield response of groundnut cultivars to selected rates of phosphorous and soil amendments in the Southern Guinea Savanna of The Gambia

S.A.F. Jallow — 2025-03-25

A field experiment was conducted at The Gambia College Research Farm in the wet season from June to November, 2022. The aim was to determine the growth and yield response of groundnut cultivars to selected rates of phosphorous and soil amendments in The Gambia. A split-plot design was used with two groundnut cultivars assigned to the the main plots and sixteen rates of phosphorous fertilizer and organic soil amendments allocated to the subplots. The treatments were replicated three times. The treatments were applied and incorporated into the soil two weeks before planting. Sowing was done at a depth of 5 cm and the plants were spaced at 50cm between rows and 12cm between stands within the row with one seed per stand. The application of phosphorus (P) at 30 kgha^-1 + Farm Yard Manure (FYM) at 5,000 kgha^-1 recorded the highest number of branches (18.67) and largest canopy (57.93cm), highest pod weight (1088.70 kg ha^-1) and kernel yield (1025.50 kg ha^-1), followed by P at 30 kgha^-1 + Biochar at 2500 kgha^-1 and P at 60 kgha^-1. The study concluded that application of P at 30 kgha^-1 + FYM at 5,000 kgha^-1 significantly increased the production of pod and kernel yields than rest of the treatments tested on groundnut. Therefore, this treatment is recommended for adoption by small-scale farmers to increase groundnut production and P availability in Gambian soils.

A review on co-composting of biosolids and its use in crops cultivation for agriculture sustainability

Sheetal Rani — 2024-12-25

Generation and disposal of biosolids (solid and semisolid materials left after the wastewater treatment) has becoming a challenge globally. A large number of objectionable components like heavy metals, pesticides, detergents and pathogens restricts the direct application of biosolids in the cultivation of agricultural crops as it contaminates the soil as well as the cultivated crops and causes health issues. Co-composting of biosolids can be a viable option to utilize the biosolids in a definite proportion along with different types of biodegradable materials (co-substrate) such as, kitchen waste, agricultural residues, forestry waste and waste from the animal husbandry etc. Co-composting improves the nutrients status of the composted biosolids and reduce the risk of accumulation of toxic heavy metals and pathogens in the soil and cultivated crops. The application of biosolids compost in to the soils significantly improve the physical structure, nutrients composition and microbial profile of the soils and subsequently enhance the crops productivity. It also reduces the risk of contamination of the soils and cultivated agricultural crops in comparison to the direct use of biosolids in soil amendment. In this paper we discussed the use of biosolids in agriculture, co-composting of biosolids with different co-substrates and their application in the cultivation of different agricultural crops for sustainable agriculture production.

Effect of technological interventions on yield gap analysis and profitability of winter onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties

M. A. Khan — 2024-12-25

The present study was conducted in growing onion through front line demonstrations (FLDs) by Spices Research Sub-Centre, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute, Faridpur, Bangladesh during winter season of 2023-2024. The experiment was set up at five farmers’ fields under five villages such as Ramchandrapur, Bajarkandi, Bisnudia, Chilarkandi and Narasinghdia of Faridpur district. Under the present investigation, two high yielding recent varieties (BARI Piaz-4 and BARI Piaz-6) with improved management practices was intervened to exhibit its performance, to find out yield gaps and to assess profitability of onion. A local variety with farmers’ traditional practices was grown (as check) adjacent to the demonstration plot. The study revealed a large average yield gap (5.33 t/ha). The demonstration variety produced higher average yield (20.01 t/ha) as compared to the local variety (16.67 t/ha). The average demonstration yield was 19.97% higher than that of local variety. The technology gap and extension gap had higher in BARI Piaz-4 (2.22 & 3.66 t/ha) as compared to those of BARI Piaz-6 (1.76 & 3.01 t/ha), respectively. The technology index of BARI Piaz-4 and BARI Piaz-6 were 9.65 and 8.38%, respectively. Lower technology index proves the strength of new technology with recommended package of practices. Adoption index value of BARI Piaz-6 was higher (77.78%) than that of BARI Piaz-4 (66.66%). The demonstration varieties performed also better over control based on the quality parameters. Demonstration variety gave higher average gross return (Tk. 927770 ≅ $7731), net return (Tk. 690110 ≅ $5751) and benefit-cost ratio (3.90) over local variety (Tk. 707000 ≅ $5892, Tk. 463450 ≅ $3862 & 2.90), respectively. Considering yield, quality and profitability; farmers expressed their satisfaction to the performance of BARI Piaz-4 and BARI Piaz-6 with improved management practices. But farmers preferred BARI Piaz-6 over BARI Piaz-4 based on quality and market price of onions.

Influence of sowing dates and weeding regimes on growth attributes and maize dry fodder yield

Swapan Kumar Paul — 2024-12-25

Effective agricultural practices are pivotal for ensuring optimal crop yields and sustainable farming. Two critical factors that significantly influence crop productivity are the date of planting and the weeding regime. An experiment was carried out to investigate how the timing of planting and the frequency of weeding impact the growth characteristics and fodder yield of maize. The study involved three planting dates viz. 15 November (D₁), 15 December (D₂) and 14 January (D₃) along with five different weeding regimes viz. no weeding (W₀), two hand weedings at 15 and 30 days after sowing (DAS) (W₁), pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (W₂), post-emergence herbicide (pyrazosulfuran-ethyl) + one hand weeding at 30 DAS (W₃), and pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + post-emergence (pyrazosulfuran-ethyl) herbicide (W₄). The growth characteristics and the amount of dry fodder produced were notably affected by the timing of planting, the method of weeding and how these factors interacted. At harvest, the tallest plant (138.48 cm) and total dry matter production plant^-1 (37.32 g) were recorded in the plants sown on 15 November with the application of pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + one hand weeding at 30 DAS. The maximum number of leaves plant^-1 (13.33) and leaf chlorophyll content (116.60) were obtained from15 November with the application of pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + post-emergence (pyrazosulfuran-ethyl) herbicide and 14 January with the application of pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + one hand weeding at 30 DAS. The highest dry fodder yield (4.14 t ha^-1) was achieved with maize planted on 15 November and treated with pre-emergence herbicide (pendimethalin) + one hand weeding at 30 days after sowing. Based on the study, it can be concluded that planting on November 15 using a pre-emergence + one hand weeding 30 days after sowing may result in the tallest plants, maximum total dry matter production and the maximum dry fodder yield of maize.

A study on family farm-enterprise of producers in rural communities of the Gambia

S. E. Sanyang — 2024-12-25

The agricultural systems of the Gambia entirely depend on rain-fed agriculture, and it propels economic growth. Agriculture's contribution to the Gambia's GDP is 22%. The Gambia's economy heavily depends on agriculture and provides 30–40% of the country's foreign exchange earnings. Family farm enterprise is a lucrative business, but limited research work has been done to determine its economic contributions in improving the livelihoods of producers. The problem statement of the research work is to identify knowledge gap, finance, and markets of family farm producers to enhance production capacity, yield and income. The objective identifies the contribution of family enterprise to the economy, and to address the challenges that affects profitability. The study applied a purposive sampling technique for qualitative and quantitative approaches. The methodology of data collection was focus group discussion, key informants’ interviews and review of secondary data from other research work. A total of (5) focus group discussions, (90) interviews and (10) key informants was conducted in 3 agricultural regions. The results showed female participates immensely in family farm production than male of 443 and 25 respectively. The result showed positive contribution in socio-economic development were North Bank Region scored D2, 709,225 while lowest income earned was Central River Region amounting to D279,700.00 respectively. In conclusion, family farm enterprises can boost local economy of rural communities enhancing livelihoods. Thus, recommend government to create easy access to finance, market and training on business management skills for the family members engaged in agriculture as a business entity.

Rehabilitation of agro biodiversity in Karnali river basin of Nepal

Janak Pant

Loss of biodiversity has been one of the major challenges of Karnali river basin. So, an experiment and discussion were conducted to determine various methods in rehabilitating agricultural biodiversity in Mugu and Jumla districts of Karnali basin from January 2021 to January 2024. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) method was used to make comparison between indigenous versus modern method of seed conservation, climate smart versus modern method of farming, water resources in soil: cement tank versus cement tank, compost manuring versus chemical fertilizer, crop diversification versus single cropping, improved shed versus non-improved shed and use of traps versus chemical pesticides. Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was carried to determine information in local seed promotion (seed bank, seed treatment). Eco-farming (Ecosystem balancing, Perma-garden), socio-ecological management, agro-biodiversity promotions, and policy interventions. Indigenous or climate smart farming methods or seed conservation, application of internal resources such as composts, promotion of local seed through seed banks or seed treatment, socio-ecological biodiversity management including promotional intervention of agricultural biodiversity and strengthening government policies have found viable and effective method to rehabilitate agricultural biodiversity in Karnali river basin of Nepal.

Assessments and identification of major insect pests on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) in the field at Darasalaam district, Somaliland

Jamaal Barre — 2025-03-25

A field survey was carried out in 2024 to assess major insect pests of sweet orange in Darasalaam district. Among three extensive sweet orange-growing villages namely Maluugta, Horri-Haadlay, and Kal-Qoray were selected. A total of 214 sweet orange orchards were assessed and the study applied a purposive sampling technique for both qualitative and quantitative approaches. In order to quantify qualitative phenomena related to the ranking of the common insect pests on sweet orange orchards, indexing was carried out. The obtained data was coded and subjected to SPSS version 20. The result showed, that a leaf miner, mealy bugs, brown scale insects, citrus black flies, fruit-sucking moths, and pysllids were identified as major insect pests on all range farms. These major insect pests were ranked by individual respondents of farmers with 6 as the highest rank and 1 as the lowest rank. Weightage was given for the ranked position as 1.6, 1.1, 0.79, 0.42, 0.20, and 0.06 for first, second, third, fourth, fifth, and six positions respectively. Likewise, according to major reasons for incidence, climate change received an index of 1.40, placing it in the first rank, followed by poor management practices, lack of knowledge, weak planting material and poor soil fertility status were indexed 0.41, 0.19, 0.08 and 0.02, respectively. This study provides benchmark information about major insect pests of sweet oranges in the field in order to develop an effective and safe insect control strategy for the orange farms in Darasalaam district.

Evaluation of intercropping legumes and green manuring on soil properties in maize field

Sonu Gautam — 2025-03-25

A field experiment was conducted at Lamjung campus, Sundarbazar from March to July of the year 2023 to find out the effect of different legumes and green manuring on the improvement of soil moisture. The experiment was set up in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments which are maize, Maize + Cowpea, Maize + French bean, Maize + Soybean and Maize + Green manuring and 4 replications. It was observed that the use of green manuring was better than the control treatment in increasing moisture content by more than 2.34 times (p<0.05). The control treated plots had higher bulk density which also meant that there was less moisture in the soil. The use of green manuring was seen to decrease the soil temperature by about 1.17 times as compared to the control. As compared to the control system, green manuring enhanced the organic carbon content by more than 2.21 times that of the control. Maize plant growth with the help of green manuring was excellent, ear length was about 20.72 cm and diameter was 3.22 cm and 2.25 % nitrogen content was found in the green manuring treatment and it is a requirement for cell division and elongation. These results indicate that green manuring notably improves maize productivity by substantially increasing soil moisture retention, maintaining soil temperature, and raising organic carbon content of soil. Therefore, green manuring is a sustainable and successful agricultural technique that improves soil qualities and crop yields, according to the study's findings.

Genetic diversity and morphological characterization of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) landraces in Nepal

Mukunda Bhattarai — 2025-03-25

This study examined the genetic diversity and phenotypic characteristics of 60 wheat landraces from 24 districts across Nepal. The study was conducted at the National Agriculture Genetic Resources Centre (NAGRC) in Khumaltar, where it employed a non-replicated augmented block design to assess eight qualitative and sixteen quantitative traits based on Bioversity International descriptors. The Shannon-Weaver diversity index (H') for wheat landraces varies from 0.457 to 0.979 across qualitative traits. Tillering capacity shows the highest diversity at 0.979, and glume hairiness has the lowest diversity at 0.457. The coefficient of variation (CV) for the quantitative traits of wheat landraces varied widely; percentages ranged from 7.58% for days of heading, suggesting relatively low variability, to 36.56% for spike exertion, indicating high variability among the samples. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with an eigenvalue greater than 1 revealed that five principal components accounted for 70.95% of the variability, with traits like plant height and spike exertion playing pivotal roles in genotype differentiation. A dendrogram generated using a UPGMA clustering approach organized the landraces into two groups. Cluster-I consists of 56 accessions (93.33%), and Cluster–II consist of 4 Accessions (6.67%) separated by 2374.99, indicating phenotypic differentiation between the groups. These findings underscore the importance of targeted breeding programs based on specific trait performance, supported by further correlation analysis to identify optimal characteristics for breeding. This research highlights the need to continue evaluating these landraces through environmental trials and biotechnological approaches to fully capitalize on their genetic potential for improving wheat cultivation.

Probiotics in aquaculture: A pathway to safer and healthier fish farming

Rakibul Islam — 2024-12-25

Aquaculture benefits greatly from probiotic bacteria, which are also very helpful in preventing a number of infectious diseases. They can be use in place of antibiotics and antimicrobials. Fish that take probiotics have stronger immune systems and grow faster. They aid in the elimination of heavy metals in addition to fostering fish development. Although probiotics can be extracted from a variety of sources, the fish's own stomach is the best source for probiotics. The source of putative probiotics is the same as that of the organism ingesting them. Potential probiotics can flourish in the fish gastrointestinal tract since they are already acclimated to the conditions of the fish gut. Numerous bacteria have been used as probiotics in various experiments, primarily as a feed supplement at varying concentrations. Fish treated with probiotic bacteria have shown positive effects such as improved growth with lower production costs, improved reproductive performances, improved immunology, and disease resistance. When utilized in place of commercial antibiotics and antimicrobials, which can lead to resistance against bacterial species when overused, probiotics can be advantageous for fish farmers. In this paper, aquaculture probiotics, their types, work of mechanism and their uses have been discussed for sustainable aquaculture productivity.

Environmental and human factors affecting Indian major carps' spawning in Halda River, Bangladesh

Kazi Rabeya Akther — 2024-12-25

The spawning success of Indian major carps (IMCs) in the Halda River is intricately linked to favorable environmental and hydrological conditions, which have shown significant variability in recent years. This research aimed to investigate the environmental and anthropogenic factors driving to decline in IMC spawning and propose sustainable management strategies. Field investigations were conducted across four key spawning sites, analyzing hydrological parameters, climatic trends, and anthropogenic influences. Results revealed a sharp decline in IMC spawning success in the year 2021, with egg production dropping to 8,580 kg and fry yield to 105.73 kg which reductions of 66% and 73.3%, respectively, compared to 2020. Key environmental stressors included rising temperatures (contributing 90% of observed variation), reduced rainfall (86%), decreased hill water runoff (84%), and saline intrusion (76%). Anthropogenic disturbances, such as pollution (76%), river bend cutting (80%), rubber dams’ installation (78%), and abandoned sluice gates (84%), intensified these challenges. This study reveals climatic and anthropogenic impacts on IMC spawning decline in the Halda River, stressing the need for ecosystem-based conservation. These findings underscore the urgent need for targeted mitigation measures, including minimizing anthropogenic disturbances and restoring natural river dynamics, to enhance the resilience of IMC spawning habitats and ensure sustainable fisheries in the Halda River.

Econometrics analysis of consumers’ willingness to purchase organic fruits and vegetables in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal

Susan Thapa — 2025-03-25

The number of people interested in environment-friendly products and becoming health-conscious has increased. The tendency of consumers to buy organic fruits and vegetables is growing gradually. Nonetheless, the number of people consuming organic fruits and vegetables is low in the case of Nepal due to the higher price of organic products. As a response to the problem, a study was conducted among 159 people who were randomly surveyed consumers of Kathmandu Valley to determine the various factors affecting the willingness of consumers to pay for organic fruits and vegetables. We used general linear regression model was applied to determine the consumers’ willingness to purchase organic vegetables and fruits. The analysis shows that 46 percent of consumers are willing to pay up to 24 percent for
conventional products. The study found that the factors like Income, and Education were significant factors in determining the willingness of consumers to purchase organic vegetables and fruits. Consumers' health awareness is critical in determining the attitude, intention, and frequency of purchasing organic vegetables and fruits However, this study shows that in underdeveloped nations like Nepal, health issues and environmental issues are not significant factors in consuming organic products, whereas higher income plays a significant role in purchasing organic products.

Isolation and identification of Azotobacter from saline and non-saline soils of Bangladesh

Md. Rafiq Uddin — 2025-03-25

Nitrogen is the most important mineral nutrient required for the plants growth and development. Microbial inoculants have the potential to augment and reduce reliance on expensive chemical fertilizers specially Urea, while maintaining crop productivity. Urea fertilizer not only expensive but also destroy our environment by nitrate pollution. Some microbes have ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen in soil symbiotically in legume crops. However, there are a few reports on non-symbiotic nitrogen fixers for non- leguminous crops. The present study aimed to isolate efficient non symbiotic or free living Azotobacter spp. that could be utilized as potential bio inoculants for resolving the nitrogen deficiency in soil for better growth and development of non-leguminous crops as well as industrial benefits. Nine Azotobacter isolates from saline and non-saline soils of south coastal zones of Bangladesh cultured on Ashby’s agar plates at 28^oC for 1 week. The colonies on the medium were picked up and used for the investigations. Based on morphological and biochemical identifications the isolates were confirmed as Azotobacter spp., isolates showed higher nitrogen fixing abilities (6.95 to 9.89 mg N/g) were selected. Among them, isolate NFA3 performed the best (9.89 mg N/g) regardless of all the tests. These isolates could survive neutral to slightly saline soils and higher temperature. Therefore, isolate NFA3 was considered to be the candidate for industrial usage for the development of nitrogenous biofertilizer.

Tillage and leaf colour chart-guided nitrogen management: Key to growth and yield improvement of winter maize in Chitwan, Nepal

Dinesh Timilsina — 2024-12-25

Maize requires efficient nitrogen management to maximize productivity and sustainability. This research aimed to establish a critical Leaf Colour Chart (LCC) values for maize under zero tillage and conventional tillage. This research also focuses on evaluating LCC-based nitrogen management versus recommended practices. The experiment was conducted during the winter season of 2016-17 at the National Maize Research Program, Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal. The experiment was performed using a strip plot design with three replications. The main plot factor included two tillage methods (conventional and zero tillage) while the sub-plot factor comprised six nutrient management practices, namely nitrogen omission, recommended dose of nitrogen, nitrogen application at leaf color chart (LCC) values 3 (45 kg N/ha), LCC value 4 (88.33 kg N/ha), LCC value 5 (119.7 kg N/ha), and LCC value 6 (140 kg N/ha). Standard split nitrogen application and LCC-based nitrogen management at LCC 4, 5, and 6 critical values resulted in statistically similar LAI during all dates of observations; however, it was high at 90 days after sowing (DAS). Total dry matter accumulation was significantly higher under LCC-5 at 90 DAS. Grain yield was strongly influenced by nitrogen management, with LCC-5 achieving the highest yield (4814.26 kg ha^-1), followed by LCC-6 (4511 kg ha^-1). Conventional tillage slightly outperformed zero tillage in grain yield. According to the study, LCC threshold 5 is useful for real-time nitrogen application in maize. Therefore, maize farmers are encouraged to embrace LCC-based split nitrogen application rather than following standard nitrogen fixed schedules for sustainable and profitable production.

Responses of potato to different methods of zinc and boron application in midhills of Nepal

Reena Sharma — 2024-12-25

Zinc (Zn) and boron (B) are important micronutrients for potato production and they play a critical role to achieve the potential yield. This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of the foliar and soil application of Zn, B, and agriculture lime in enhancing potato (cv. Khumal Bikash) yield and size of tuber. The experiment was conducted for two consecutive years (2022 and 2023) at the National Potato Research Program, Khumaltar, Nepal. Seven fertilizer treatments, namely T₁: recommended dose of NPK (RDF); T₂: RDF+ Zn+ B; T₃: RDF +B +Ag-lime; T₄: RDF +Zn +Ag-lime; T₅: RDF +Zn +B +Ag-Lime; T₆: RDF +(Z +B) foliar Spray; T₇: RDF + foliar Spray (2% urea +2% K) were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Foliar spray was applied twice, once at 40 DAP and again after 60 DAP. Ag-lime was applied before 15 DAP. Among seven treatments, T₆ (RDF +Zn +B foliar spray) showed a significant effect on yield (31.84 t/ha) and its variables including vigor, uniformity and ground cover of potato followed by T₅ (28.81 t/ha) and T₇ compared to the treatments without Zn and B. Foliar application of mixture of Zn and B (3 kg Zn/ha + 2 kg B/ha) significantly improved germination, vigor, sizes and number of tuber and total yield compared to a separate application of Zn or B. The treatment T6 (RDF + Zn + B foliar) demonstrated the highest micronutrient efficiency (1494 kg ) highlighting the superior effectiveness of foliar application compared to other treatments. These findings suggest that micronutrients Zn and B is important to increase potato tuber yield and maximum benefits could be achieved with the foliar application at 2 splits.

Assessment of phenological and physicochemical characteristics of peach (Prunus persica L.) varieties in Mustang, Nepal

Nitisha Bhattarai — 2024-12-25

This research was conducted at the Temperate Horticulture Development Center (THDC), Mustang, Nepal, to study flowering phenology and evaluate the physicochemical characteristics of five peach varieties (Surprise, Benedict, Peregrine, Local Khallya and Early Red) from February to September 2023. This research was conducted on a randomized complete block design with four replications and five treatments (fruit trees of a particular variety were replicated four times). The flowering phenology of varieties was studied by dividing the developmental stages of a flower into eight different stages: first swelling, calyx green, calyx red, first pink, first bloom, full bloom, petal fall and fruit set. The completion of each phenological stage was marked from a reference date. Physicochemical analysis of fruits was performed following UPOV guidelines of peach. Physical characteristics were encompassed in individual fruit weight, fruit length, fruit volume, fruit size (length and width), stone weight, stone size (length and width) and mesocarp thickness and in chemical characteristics, pH, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA) and TSS/TA ratio were included. The study of flowering phenology revealed that Early Red was found to be the earliest (60.50 DARD) to reach the fruit-set stage. The highest and lowest fruit weights were measured in Benedict (153.85 g) and Early Red (46.5 g), respectively. Finally, chemical analysis revealed that TSS/TA was found to be maximum in Benedict (12.38) and minimum in Early Red (6.03). It can be concluded that Early Red was the earliest maturing variety among the varieties. Also, Benedict was found to be the superior in terms of sweetness and size.

Effects of organic fertilizers on the macropropagation, vegetative growth, and pest infestation on plantain (Musa sp.)

Justin Nambangia Okolle — 2025-03-25

One of the major constraints to the expansion of plantain cultivation has been the scarcity of healthy planting material. Decapitation, following macropropagation technology, stimulation of lateral bud development and plantlet production. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of decapitation, following macropropagation technology, to stimulate lateral bud development and plantlet production in Musa sp. The experiment was carried out at both the macropropagators' level and in the nursery. The experiment was laid out using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments (Control, T₁– Biozyme, T₂ – Radix Tim, T₃– Compo, and T₄ – DI Grow) with 10 replicates in three blocks. All plants were administered equal amounts of each treatment. The results at the bud incubation level revealed that bud initiation was not significantly dependent on the treatment. Although not significant, the Biozyme^® treatment had the highest mean number of plantlets (46 plants). The organic fertilizers had significant effects (p = 0.001) on the vegetative growth of nursery plants. The maximum vegetative growth (plant height of 7.86±0.32 cm, girth of 10.6±0.3cm, 4±0.12 number of leaves, leaf area of 144 ±5.00 cm²) was recorded with plants treated with T₂ – Radix Tim® (50 ml/7.5 L of water). Snails were the only nursery pests identified, and plants treated with T₃ (Compo®) were more susceptible to snails, with a mean of 0.04±0.02. Net profit margin results for the different treatments were high for T₁ (60) and lowest for T₂ (24). The organic fertilizers have significant effects in improving the vegetative growth of plantains therefore, Radix Tim® and DI Grow® were the best treatments for the production of healthy, vigorous nursery plants.

Agronomic performance and farmers' preferences of twelve spring rice genotypes under participatory approach at Kailali, Nepal

Nabin Ghimire — 2024-12-25

The purpose of this paper was to assess the agronomic performance and farmers’ preferences of spring rice genotypes in collaboration with farmers. This experiment was conducted from February to June, 2023 at Khaira, Bhajani Municipality in Farmer’s Field School. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), with three replications, testing twelve rice varieties involving 37 small holder farmers. The individual plot size was 10m × 2m with plant spacing maintained at 20cm × 20cm. The data were analysed using the ANOVA technique in R-Studio software (version 4.0), and Fisher’s Protected LSD test was applied for mean separation. Results revealed that yield and yield attributes along with days to maturity were statistically different among genotypes. Maximum grain yield was found in Chaite-5 (10.75 t/ha) followed by IR16L1831 (10.33 t/ha) which was statistically at par with genotype IR10L118 (10.07 t/ha), while the lowest yields were obtained in Chaite-4 (5.77 t/ha) followed by local check variety Chaini-Local (6.77 t/ha). The findings showed that SVIN-191 (139 days) and Hardinath-5 (138 days) had the highest duration to reach maturity. In contrast, the Chaini-Local variety had the shortest time to maturity, taking only 113 days, while Chaite-4 and IR10L152 required 119 and 122 days, respectively. On participatory varietal selection, the farmer preference score was found maximum in genotype IR10L152 (0.055) followed by a popular variety Chaite-5 (0.047) which signifies these genotypes have certain traits of farmer preference. Moreover, the preference for the genotype IR10L152 above the high-yielding variety Chaite-5 indicates that the farmers in Kailali took several desirable traits into consideration for rice variety selection rather than just high yield.

Impact of varying water-logging durations at various stages of growth on mustard seed yield

Syed Tanvin Abir — 2024-12-25

Waterlogging significantly affects agricultural growth and development, making it a severe constraint limiting crop production and quality. This study aims to assess the level of water tolerance of standard mustard cultivars while taking into account the influence of varied water-logging durations on mustard seed output. In this study, a randomized complete block design was used to examine the effects of water-logging on the various phases of various mustard varieties under ambient temperature and sunshine circumstances. Binasarisha-9, Binasarisha-11 and BARI Sarisha-14 were the varieties utilized in the experiment, and water-logging treatments were applied at different times of 0, 24, 48, and 72 hours at 55–60 days after sowing (DAS). Data on plant height, branches plant^-1, and siliquae plant^-1 were taken from 10 randomly selected plants from each plot. The maturity period was counted when 90% of siliquae matured. The seed yield of each plot was recorded after harvest. The result shows that the highest seed yield (1.51t ha^-1) was found for Binasarisha-11 under water-logging conditions for 24 hours at 55-60 DAS and almost the same result on seed yield (1.46t ha^-1) for Binasarisha-9 was found for the same treatment. Moderate yield at 48 hours water logging was observed whereas there was significant yield reduction for 72 hours water logging. BARI Sarisha-14, Binasarisha-9, and Binasarisha-11 yielded 4.5%, 1.38%, and 11.56% less than non-water-logged situations after 72 hours of water-logging at 55-60 DAS. However, it could be concluded that these results provide valuable insights into the effects of waterlogging on seed yield and can aid in selecting suitable mustard genotypes in flood-prone environments to mitigate the negative effects of climate change.

Integrative approaches to understanding mercury toxicity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants: Linking growth, biochemistry and antioxidant mechanisms

Vijay Mani — 2024-12-25

Mercury is a widely studied toxic metal all over the world due to its ability to easily enter into the food chain. Even exposure to small quantities, causes adverse effects on various biochemical and physiological processes. This study aimed to investigate the integrative approaches to understanding mercury toxicity in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) plants by linking growth, biochemistry and antioxidant mechanisms. Experimental common bean plants were divided into 4 groups. Group 1 served as control, received normal nutritional and water support, while Group 2, 3 and 4 were treated with mercury concentrations of 50, 100 and 200 mg respectively. The results revealed that mercury treated common bean plants exhibited a significant decline in several key growth and physiological parameters, including germination percentage, root length, shoot length, fresh weight, dry weight and vigor index. Moreover, mercury treatment leads to reduction in carbohydrate and protein contents, as well as reduced activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase. These findings underscore the significance of further research to identify strategies for alleviating mercury-induced toxicity and enhancing plant resilience, with the goal of contributing to the development of sustainable agricultural practices that enhance the crop resilience in polluted environments.

Determination of phosphorus and nitrogen optimum fertilization rate for Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production in the Kofele, South-eastern Ethiopia

Nimona Fufa Hunde

Because of unbalanced application of fertilizers, soil fertility depletion is one of the greatest challenges to sustained agricultural productivity, particularly in developing countries. Maintaining soil fertility demands a well-balanced application of inorganic nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus, which are the most critical and influential elements for the production of potato in most Ethiopian soils. Consequently, the experiment was conducted at Kofele sub-site in south-eastern Ethiopia during the 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons to evaluate different rates of N and P fertilizers on tuber yield performance and economic profitability of potato production. The treatments used consisted of four levels of nitrogen (0, 46, 92, and 138 kg ha^-1) and phosphorus (0, 46, 69, and 92 kg ha^-1) combined with factorial arrangements and laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that almost all parameters were significantly affected by the main effect of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer rates, but their interaction did not show significant effect. As a result, in both seasons, the highest marketable tuber and total tuber yield were obtained at the combined application of 138 kg N with 92 kg P₂O₅ha^-1. However, the partial budget analysis indicated that the combined application of 92 kg N and 69 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1 gave the highest net benefit with an acceptable marginal rate of return (MRR) of 492.93%, followed by 92 kg N and 92 kg P₂O₅ ha^-1, which might be taken as a profitable rate for the tested area. The economic recommendations may be subjected to changes based on the cost of fertilizers and price of the product (potato). Therefore, on the basis of economic performance, it can be concluded that the application of combined 92 kg N ha⁻¹ with 69 kg P₂O₅ ha⁻¹ fertilizer rates is more economical and recommended for potato production in the Kofele area.

Effects of different traditional ripening methods on quality and shelf life of bananas in Chitwan, Nepal

Binisha Paudel — 2024-12-25

This study evaluates the effects of traditional ripening methods on the shelf life and quality of bananas, focusing on traits like weight loss, pulp-to-peel ratio, firmness, TSS, TA, pH, and TSS/TA ratio over 10 days. The experiment is conducted in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications (control, gunny bag, rice straw, tomato, and ethephon 500 ppm). All data were collected at the horticulture lab, AFU where ripening was maintained at 23-27°C with 50-70% relative humidity. ripening was maintained at 23-27°C and 50-70% relative humidity. Significant variations in physiological weight loss (PWL %) were observed, with the highest loss in tomato (9.91%) and ethephon (11.5%), indicating faster ripening, while gunny bag (5.42%) and control (6.43%) showed the lowest. The pulp-to-peel ratio was highest for tomato (2.52) and ethephon (2.62) by Day 10. Firmness decreased across all treatments, with the lowest values in ethephon (0.82) and tomato (0.66). TSS was highest in ethephon (22.95%) and tomato (22.95%). TA was lowest in straw-wrapped bananas (0.25). TSS/TA ratios were highest for ethephon and tomato (49.05). PH decreased in most treatments, with ethephon-treated bananas having the highest pH (4.95) by Day 10. Shelf life varied, with control, gunny bag, and straw lasting over 12 days, while ethephon had the shortest shelf life of 8 days. Despite a shorter shelf life, ethephon and tomato treatments offered better sensory qualities, including softness, sweetness, and visual appeal.

Performance of late sown wheat genotypes under drought stress at Khajura, Banke, Nepal

Prabhat K.C. — 2024-12-25

This study aimed to identify wheat genotypes tolerant to drought and terminal heat stress under late-sown conditions using stress tolerance indices. A field experiment was conducted with 18 genotypes, including checks, at the Directorate of Agricultural Research, Lumbini Province, Khajura, Banke. The trials were arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications under two conditions: normal irrigated and simulated drought (via rainout shelter). Grain yield was recorded, and stress susceptibility and tolerance indices were estimated. The research showed that the average grain yield of all tested genotypes decreased by 58.8% under stress conditions compared to normal irrigated condition . There was a highly significant difference (p<0.01) in grain yield across genotypes when grown under both irrigated and stress conditions. The genotype NL 1488 produced the highest grain yield of 3725 kg/ha, followed by Banganga (3693.67 kg/ha), NL 1447 (3550.33 kg/ha), NL 1423 (3454.67 kg/ha), NL 1444 (3426 kg/ha), and NL 1445 (3224.67 kg/ha) under normal irrigated conditions. Similarly, the genotype NL 1447 produced the highest grain yield of 1547.33 kg/ha, followed by NL 1415 (1541.67 kg/ha), NL 1444 (1442.33 kg/ha), NL 1345 (1349.33 kg/ha), NL 1446 (1338.33 kg/ha), and NL 1451 (1328.33 kg/ha) under drought conditions. The highest values of MP, GMP, and STI were obtained in genotype NL 1447, followed by NL 1444, NL 1415, NL 1451, and NL 1446. Thus, these genotypes exhibit high yield potential under both irrigated and drought conditions, making them suitable candidates for breeding programs aimed at improving drought resilience in wheat.

On Farm Participatory Evaluation and Demonstration of Improved Tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill.) Varieties under Irrigation condition in South-Eastern Ethiopia

Nimona Fufa Hunde

In Ethiopia, tomatoes are one of the most economically important vegetable crops. However, a number of factors, including a lack of improved and adapted tomato varieties, limit their productivity and production. A field study was conducted during the 2020 -2021 cropping season at Arsi areas, Tiyo, and Zuway Dugda districts and aimed to evaluate the performance of released tomato varieties, on-farm demonstrations, and varietal selection based on farmers’ preferences. Six released tomato varieties, Chali, Melkashola, Melkasalsa, Eshete, ARP-D2, and Fetan were used. Data were collected on growth, yield and yield related traits from the mother trials and farmers perception on the demo varietal trials. The analysis of variance revealed that the tested varieties had significant differences (P≤0.05) in yield and yield-related traits. As a result, Gelilema variety had significant marketable yield (55.91 t ha^-1) and total yield (65.24 t ha^-1), followed by Melkashola variety with marketable yield (47.42 t ha^-1) and total yield (59.12 t ha^-1). Total fruit yield correlated positively and significantly with marketable yield (0.89), average fruit weight (0.87), number of fruit per cluster (0.65), number of cluster per plant (0.97), and was negatively associated with plant height (-0.05). Farmers' preferred traits, such as higher fruit yield, better disease tolerance, fruit size, shape, transportability, and higher market demand, were used to rank the most preferred varieties at both distinct areas. At Golja kebele, Gelilema was the most preferred and best-performing variety, followed by Melkashola. At Zuway Dugda, Melkashola and Melkasalsa were selected as the first and second choices, respectively. As a result, the area of study and others with comparable agro-ecologies should be suitable areas for scaling up these selected varieties.

Introduction, Establishment and Expansion Factors of Emerging and Re- Emerging Fungal Plant Diseases of National and International Significance and Their Management

Dr. Muluken Getahun

Abstract

Diseases are qualified as emergent when they have recently become a cause for concern due to an increase in virulence, infection of a novel host and/or occurrence in a new area. Pathogenic fungi, in particular, have caused emerging plant diseases. Re- emerging plant diseases are those diseases that have been previously controlled but once more a major problem. Alien fungal infections can be introduced through the trade of vegetables, germplasms, plant-propagating material, or complete living plant parts. International seed trafficking is a particularly important vector for pathogen introduction and dissemination. Human activity, host susceptibility, wind and extreme weather condition and pathogen adaptation are intensifying fungal disease dispersal by modifying natural environments and thus creating new opportunities for evolution. Fungal infections will cause increasing attrition of biodiversity, with wider implications for human and ecosystem health, unless steps are taken to tighten biosecurity worldwide. There are several ways that fungal pathogens pollution can occur, but, in each case anthropogenic change results in a pathogen crossing an evolutionary boundary, such as geographical and or ecological separation. The production of crops is impacted by both established and newly emerged diseases. An epidemic induced by fungal plant emerging infectious disease infecting new hosts with little resistance or tolerance to emerging pathogens can be especially damaging. Emerging diseases represent a growing worldwide problem accompanying global environmental changes, and there is tremendous interest in identifying the factors controlling the appearance and spread of these diseases. In addition to Integrated disease management approach better global monitoring and control, attention must also be turned to increasing our understanding of the interactions between hosts, pathogens and the environment, across regional and global scales. Integrated techniques that include theoretical and applied epidemiology, climate predictions, surveillance, and monitoring.

Optimum sugar syrup feeding intervals for Apis cerana Fab. during the winter dearth period in the sub-tropical area of Nepal

Dipak Khanal — 2024-12-25

The study aimed to identify the optimal sugar syrup feeding interval for honeybee colonies during the winter dearth period in subtropical region of Nepal to ensure colony survival and maintenance. The focus was on evaluating sealed brood area, sealed honey area, egg-laying activity, and pollen collection. The experiment was conducted in an apiary located in Lamjung district of Nepal. Sugar syrup (1 water: 1 sugar) was fed to honeybee colonies at intervals of 7, 10, 15, and 20-days, along with a control group. Each treatment was replicated across four replications with five beehives in each replication, and data were collected weekly. Parameters such as the sealed brood area, honey storage, egg-laying rate, and pollen cells were measured by counting eggs, pollen cells, and assessing areas covered by sealed brood and honey. Colonies fed sugar syrup at 15-days intervals exhibited the best performance across all measured parameters, including the largest sealed brood area, highest honey reserves, maximum eggs laid by the queen bee, and the most pollen cells. These results indicate that feeding at 15-days intervals supports optimal colony health and activity during low-temperature winter conditions. Feeding sugar syrup at 15-days intervals is the most effective practice for maintaining colony health, ensuring optimal honey reserves, brood production, and pollen collection during the winter dearth period in subtropical areas of Nepal. This feeding strategy is recommended for improving colony survival, maintenance, and overall performance during challenging winter conditions in subtropical region of Nepal.

Production and Marketing of RUDRASHA

The study was conducted to analyze the production and marketing of Rudraksha in

Shadanand Municipality of Bhojpur district of Nepal during the year 2023. A survey was

conducted to collect information from Rudraksha growers by taking purposively a

representative sample size of 140 firms. The required information was obtained through a

pretested questionnaire and group discussions. The average land under Rudraksha plantation

in study area was found 6.18. The cost of production was found NRs.3931.47 and benefit cost

ratio was found 3.381 which showed that the Rudraksha cultivation was profitable enterprise.

The variables cost of Rudraksha plantation was important factors contributing to the total

return. Collector, trader/intermediate, processor, retailers and consumers were mainly

involved in marketing of Rudraksha. Contract system of selling of Rudraksha was the most

common in the study areas. Producers were mainly sold their products from farm to trader

and on farm to the retailers or consumers. Majority of producers sold it in raw form. The

farmer of this area was practiced mixed cropping off Rudraksha with cardamom, ginger, tea

etc. The result showed that the farmer was facing the problems of inadequate market

information, poor technical knowledge, disease and pest, limited inputs and middleman in

production and marketing of Rudraksha. Although the cultivation of Rudraksha in the

Bhojpur district seems to be a successful endeavour, it is imperative to overcome the stated

problems in order to continue and enhance the sector.

Effect of micronutrients on the growth and yield parameter of spring maize in Gauradaha, Nepal

Dipak Aryal — 2024-12-25

Micronutrients, required in trace amounts, are crucial for crop growth and metabolic activities. Maize is susceptible to micronutrient deficiencies and exhibits hidden hunger symptoms when lacking essential nutrients. This study, conducted at Gauradaha Agriculture Campus, Jhapa, from January to June 2023, aimed to assess the impact of zinc (Zn), boron (B), and sulfur (S) on maize growth and yield. A single-factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used with seven treatments and three replications. Results revealed that the combined application of micronutrients with the recommended dose of NPK significantly enhanced maize growth and yield parameters. The T6 treatment (Zn 10 kg/ha + B 6 kg/ha + S 7 kg/ha with recommended NPK) produced the highest values for key growth indicators: leaf area, ear length (19.56 cm), ear diameter (6.24 cm), kernel rows per ear (15.72), grains per row (44.25), ear weight (17.65 tons/ha), biological yield (34.80 tons/ha), grain yield (12.68 tons/ha), and stover yield (3.39 tons/ha). Additionally, T4 (S 40 kg/ha with NPK) resulted in the highest test weight (438.33 g). Micronutrient application did not significantly affect plant height or the number of leaves. The study concludes that applying 10 kg/ha of Zn, 6 kg/ha of B, and 7 kg/ha of S with NPK significantly improves maize yield, demonstrating suitability for the local soil conditions and offering a practical approach to mitigate hidden hunger in maize.

Effect of different germination media on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Bhojpur, Nepal

Dhurba Banjade — 2024-12-25

The research was conducted following a Complete Randomized Design (CRD) under plastic tunnel with three replications to investigate the effects of different germination media on seed germination and seedling growth of tomato in Bhojpur Nepal. Nine different compositions of growing media are soil, cocopeat, vermicompost, soil + FYM (1:1), soil + cocopeat (1:1), soil + vermicompost (1:1), cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1), soil + cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1:1) and soil+ cocopeat + vermicompost + FYM (1:1:1:1). Seeds of tomato variety (Srijana) was sown in Plastic tray. Germination parameters such as germination percentage, germination speed, germination energy, and vigor index were recorded for seven consecutive days. Growth parameters including root length, shoot length, number of leaves, stem diameter, fresh seedling weight and dry seedling weight were measured at 20, 25 and 30 days after sowing. There were significant differences in the germination parameters and growth parameters. The maximum germination percentage (100%), maximum seedling vigor index (2329), root length (10.967cm), number of leaves (20.87cm) was recorded in soil + cocopeat + vermicompost + FYM (1:1:1:1) as a growing media. However maximum shoot length (12.847cm), maximum stem diameter (0.310cm) and maximum fresh weight (1.540g) was recorded in soil + cocopeat + vermicompost (1:1:1) as a growing media. Hence, optimum growth of tomato seedlings was observed when soil, cocopeat, vermicompost and FYM were used in equal proportions.

Evaluation of foliar spray of zinc and boron on growth, flowering and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Srijana) under polytunnel in Nepal

Prabina Bhujel — 2024-12-25

This research was conducted in Budhanilkantha, Kathmandu from February to June 2023 to study the effects of different concentrations on growth, flowering and yield of tomato in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments: control (T₀), two levels of chelated zinc (30 ppm - T₁ and 60 ppm - T₂), and two levels of borax (30 ppm - T₃ and 60 ppm - T₄), applied 15 and 35 days after transplantation (DAT). The results showed that chelated zinc at 30 ppm significantly enhanced plant height (86 cm), leaf number (52.47), branch number (8.21), fruit clusters (19.32), fruit number (22.73), fruit diameter (5.58 cm), fruit weight (59.71 g), and yield (56.56 t/ha). Borax at 30 ppm promoted early flowering (23.70 days). Higher concentrations of both micronutrients resulted in reduced growth and yield. The findings suggest that foliar application of 30 ppm chelated zinc and borax can optimize growth and yield of tomato. The study highlights the potential of these easily accessible micronutrient sources to significantly enhance tomato productivity under polytunnel cultivation.

Farmers’ adaptation strategies towards soil salinity effects in sunflower cultivation: A gender-based analysis of some selected south-central coastal areas in Bangladesh

Aparajita Badhan — 2024-12-25

Rising salinity levels in the coastal regions of Bangladesh, driven by climate change, significantly affect agricultural productivity. Adaptation strategies to mitigate the effects of salinity are crucial for increasing crop production. This paper examines the adaptation strategies employed by male and female sunflower farmers in response to salinity intrusion in the south-central coastal zones of Bangladesh. We collected data through a household survey of 50 men and 50 women, supplemented by interviews and focus group discussions with farmers. The sample size was determined using a probabilistic sampling method. The questionnaire included open-ended and closed-ended questions and pretested with farmers before conducting final interview. Our results indicated that significant variables influencing adaptation strategies among male sunflower farmers included age, communication exposure, and training experience (p < 0.05). For female sunflower farmers, significant factors were age, communication exposure, training experience, and cultivated sunflower area (p < 0.01). Both regression models exhibited a satisfactory fit. Additionally, the primary adaptation strategies adopted by both male and female farmers included the application of fertilizers and pesticides. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers in formulating future farm-level gender based adaptation strategies for cultivating sunflower.

Climate-smart agriculture: A review of sustainability, resilience, and food security

Sunil Regmi — 2024-12-25

This paper investigates Climate Smart Agriculture (CSA), a comprehensive strategy aimed at improving agricultural efficiency and sustainability while addressing the challenges of climate change. It examines the economic advantages of CSA for adopters compared to traditional farming methods and assesses CSA's role in mitigating climate change, adapting to its impacts, and enhancing food security. The study reviews essential CSA practices, including agroforestry, conservation agriculture, water-efficient irrigation technologies, crop diversification, improved livestock management, and soil carbon sequestration, as well as the barriers to adoption, such as limited funding, arable land, land tenure issues, and insufficient expertise. Agroforestry and crop rotation have shown encouraging results, with agroforestry serving as a cost-effective solution for food production and environmental preservation. Dairy companies boosted milk consumption from 529,000 to 3 million liters, while farmer profits grew from $0.2 to $0.3 per liter. Rice yields have increased, from 3-4 tons to 7.5 tons per hectare. In cotton farming, CSA adopters cut input costs compared to traditional methods, resulting in long-term economic gains. Crop rotation increased maize productivity by 5–10%, while new irrigation techniques improved water efficiency by 5–35%. However, regions without CSA methods experienced significant livestock losses, highlighting the importance of widespread adoption to ensure resilience. Despite CSA’s advantages, its widespread adoption is hindered by financial and knowledge barriers. Future research should focus on optimizing multiple cropping systems, crop diversification, and no-till agriculture. CSA, particularly when integrated with technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), offers a promising path toward more adaptive and resilient agricultural practices. Broader adoption will require investments in research and resources to effectively scale CSA innovations.

A review on the impact of commonly used pesticides on the biology of earthworms

Amar Kumar — 2024-12-25

Earthworms are considered important bio-indicators of chemical contamination in the soil ecosystem. Being an important biotic factor of soil ecosystem, earthworms play a vital role in the functioning of soil ecosystems and maintenance of soil fertility. The present review encompasses the diverse effects of chemical contaminants like pesticides on earthworm biology, considering both direct toxicity and indirect impacts on ecosystem functions. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, we assess the varying impacts of different classes of pesticides on earthworms. Several studies included in this review shed light on how pesticide exposure affects earthworm behaviour, reproduction, regenerative capacity, histology, gut microbial diversity, and nutrient transition, among other adverse effects, which consequently affect the soil ecosystem dynamics. Furthermore, we discuss the implications of these findings for agricultural practices, soil health, and biodiversity conservation. This study discusses the impact of pesticides on different facets of earthworm biology and emphasizes the necessity of sustainable pest management strategies to maintain the productivity and adaptability of ecosystems by enhancing our understanding of the complex interactions that occur between soil organisms, like earthworms, and foreign chemicals, or xenobiotics, like pesticides.

Hormonal efficiency and net return of BARI Tomato-4 enhanced under polytunnels during rainy summer season

Ruby Akter — 2024-12-25

An experiment was conducted at the department of Horticulture, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, Bangladesh to evaluate the benefit cost ratio of summer tomato variety BARI tomato 4. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with 18 treatments and three replications by maintaining a spacing of 60 cm x 40 cm. It comprised of two cultivation method as main plot viz. Open cultivation (P₀) and Cultivation under poly tunnel (P₁) and nine levels of growth regulators as sub-plot viz. T_{0 (}Control), T₁ (GA₃@30 ppm), T₂ (GA₃@60 ppm), T₃ (NAA @30 ppm), T₄ (NAA @60 ppm), T₅ (MH @30 ppm), T₆ (MH @60 ppm), T₇(Tomatotone @30 ppm) and T₈ (Tomatotone @60 ppm). Application of growth regulators was influenced in all studied parameters over control. Majority of the parameters responded better with the increased concentration of growth regulators. Tomatotone @ 60 ppm gave the highest yield per hectare (5.38 and 20.82 t) under open and poly tunnel condition, respectively. In open and poly tunnel condition, tomatotone @ 60 ppm showed the highest profitability and benefit cost ratio 1.16: 3.19, respectively. Despite of poly tunnel was being costly to establish (41% of total input cost), but it gave 3-4 times higher economic return. Higher values in respect of economy were obtained from the plants cultivated under poly tunnel with tomatotone @60 ppm. Therefore, tomatotone @ 60 ppm can be used as potential treatment for summer tomato cultivation under open and poly tunnel conditions to get highest profitability.

Evaluation of hybrid rice varieties for growth and yield traits under irrigated transplanted conditions in Lumbini Province, Nepal

Mahesh Paudyal — 2024-12-25

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of early- to medium-maturing hybrid rice varieties for growth and yield traits under irrigated transplanted conditions in Lumbini Province, Nepal, and identify varieties with high yield potential and favorable agronomic traits. A field experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications during the summer seasons of 2022 and 2023. Twenty-five hybrid rice varieties were tested, with Arize 6444 as the standard check. Key agronomic traits, including grain yield, tillers per plant, plant height, and thousand-grain weight, were measured and analyzed statistically. The hybrid variety LG94.2 recorded the highest average grain yield (6603 kg ha^-¹), followed by SH 4613 (6338 kg ha^-¹) and F1 9446 (6062.7 kg ha^-¹). Thousand-grain weight (r = 0.72) and tillers per plant (r = 0.65) were positively correlated with grain yield. The findings suggest that LG94.2, SH 4613, and F1 9446 are the top-performing varieties. LG94.2 showed the best performance, with high grain yield and favorable traits, making it a strong candidate for improving rice productivity in Nepal. The study confirms that hybrid rice varieties such as LG94.2 and SH 4613 have the potential to significantly increase rice yields in Nepal's subtropical regions, offering a sustainable solution to meet the country’s rising food demand.

Assessment of soil suitability for rice cultivation potential in the coastal region of Bangladesh: A GIS-based approach for Sarankhola Upazila, Bangladesh

Md. Anisul Kabir — 2024-12-25

Rice is the staple food in Bangladesh. However, soil degradation in coastal land hinders rice production there. This study aims to assess the suitable area for rice production in Sarankhola, a coastal region in Bangladesh. This study uses SRDI’s physiochemical and nutrient data as a secondary source. We interpolated these data using Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) methods and weighed the data using the Suitability Modeler in ArcGIS Pro v3. The findings show that some parameters, like OM, N, P, Cu, and Mn, are close to or within their optimal ranges suggested by SRDI, for rice production in Bangladesh. On the other hand, EC, S, Ca, Mg, and Fe are much higher than their optimal values. The correlation analysis shows strong positive correlations between organic matter and nitrogen (0.97); and Ca and Mg (0.64). Moreover, there is a moderate positive correlation of Soil EC with S (0.43), and K (0.34), respectively. Conversely, a negative correlation was found between soil pH with N (-0.28) and Organic Matter (-0.30), respectively. The spatial distribution of soil physiochemical and nutrients reveals varying suitability for agriculture, with some regions showing optimal conditions while others face significant nutrient deficiencies. The land suitability analysis for rice production reveals that 40–50% of the area, mainly in the Dhansagar and parts of Khontakata unions, is "suitable" for rice cultivation. Meanwhile, 20–30% of Rayenda, Southkhali, and parts of Khontakata are "moderately suitable," necessitating additional inputs. The remaining 30-40%, particularly in Rayenda and Southkhali, are "marginally suitable." The results suggest that Dhansagar and Khontakata unions in Sarankhola are potential areas for rice production naturally, without using hybrid seeds.

Effects of various methods of milking, container types, and chilling durations on bacterial load of milk

Sagar Paudel — 2024-12-25

This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of raw milk measured by Standard Plate Count (SPC). Individual raw milk for the Colony Forming Units (CFU) study was carried out in the National Cattle Research Program Rampur Chitwan, Nepal. Milk from Jersey and Holstein cows with two types of milking (hand and machine milking) in collecting three types of containers (Plastic, aluminum, and steel). Milk had different chilling durations (0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 48, and 72 hours). Altogether, 252 milk samples for SPC were examined at farm levels. Results showed significant variability in SPC throughout the study period. The lowest CFU was observed in Holstein cows (80.49±4.83 × 10⁴), while the highest was found in the Jersey breed (122.88±4.69 × 10⁴). Similarly, the lowest CFU count was recorded in milk from machine milking (92.42±4.69 × 10⁴), whereas the highest CFU count was observed in milk from hand milking (110.95±4.83 × 10⁴). For three milk collecting and transporting containers, the CFU count was lowest in the steel container (90.09±5.82×10⁴) compared to the aluminum container (102.42±5.82×10⁴) and plastic container (112.55±5.82×10⁴). The results of mean CFU for the chilling duration effects at farm 0, 4, 8,12,24,48 and 72 hours were (114.33±8.11×10⁴, 108.21±10.28×10⁴, 107.71±10.28×10⁴, 106.75±10.28 ×10⁴, 104.07±6.36 ×10⁴, 94.79±8.11×10⁴, and 75.94±8.11×10⁴). CFU count in hand and machine milking milk differed significantly (p<0.01) from each record of the same date at the farm level. The CFU in milk from different containers was significant (p<0.05) for the overall experimental period. Steel containers showed a low CFU count compared to Aluminum and plastic containers. The highest number of CFU (114.33×10⁴) was observed in the 0-hour chilling, which was significantly (p <0.05) different from the rest of the chilling duration. The results obtained from the study indicated that the current situation is critical and needs real improvement from farm to chilling centers. The findings could guide dairy producers in adopting effective strategies to enhance milk quality, minimize bacterial contamination, and ensure safer dairy products for consumers by using these results.

Urban heat island relation with land use land cover change in Hetauda sub-metropolitan city of Nepal

Bikram Singh — 2024-12-25

Urban areas are expanding globally at the expense of natural productive land which affects the quality of life of urban residents. Hetauda sub-metropolitan city of Nepal has been undergoing rapid urban growth for the last few decades causing local climatic effects such as land surface temperature (LST) variation. Thus, exploring spatio-temporal changes in land use, land cover (LULC), and urban heat island (UHI) analysis could be an effective means of exposing local environmental issues caused by anthropogenic activities. Development in thermal Remote Sensing and Geographic Information System (GIS) has enabled the monitoring of spatial LST, UHI, and its correlation to LULC. We used Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite data and a supervised classification algorithm for land use land classification for the years 1995, 2008, and 2018 in Arc map software. The spatial pattern of LST was obtained through mathematical calculation of the thermal band of Landsat images. Correlation analysis was applied to explore the relationship between LST, LULC types, and LUCL indices. The LST was higher for urban/built-up and cultivated land use types. There was approximately 4°C mean LST variation for all three years of study. The regression analysis showed a positive correlation of urban/built-up with the Normal Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI) however a negative correlation with the Normal Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which implies that green structure weakens the UHI effects while urban/built-up areas strengthen the UHI. Overall, the study can be useful for urban planners in sustainable urban planning and management as well as to raise public awareness of climate change and the warming effect.

A review on tillage system and no-till agriculture and its impact on soil health

Bronika Thapa — 2024-09-25

Soil tillage is a fundamental agriculture practice aimed at preparing the soil for planting, managing crop residues, controlling weeds, preparing the ground for the next crop, integrating leftover crops and nutrients into the soil, and enhancing soil structure. However, tillage practice significantly influences activities like soil moisture, temperature, aeration, and mixing the crop residues within the soil. This article explores the impacts of traditional tillage methods and alternative approaches to reduce production costs, environmental consequences, and safeguard soil for sustainable crop production through the secondary source of results as published research papers, documents, government official and institution reports. Traditional tillage method involves the mechanical disruption of soil, which affects critical factors such as moisture retention, temperature regulation, and aeration. While use of such heavy machines can improve short-term productivity, its long-term impacts include soil compaction, erosion, and loss of organic matter, leading to environmental degradation and declining soil health. In contrast, No-till and reduced tillage practices offers a promising solution to contemporary challenges such as global climate change, water conservation, rapid soil degradation, and desertification. Under this system, wide range of crops can be grown effectively in low production cost by reducing fuel and labor requirements. No-tillage and minimal tillage is being adopted across a wide range of farm sizes, from small plots of land to vast expanses, in various countries around the world with promising sustainability.

Effects of feeding regime on growth, production, and economics of Oreochromine cichlids (Oreochromis mossambicus) in earthen ponds of Bangladesh

Mohammad Shadiqur Rahman — 2024-09-25

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of feeding frequency on the growth, production, and economic aspects of Oreochromine cichlids (Oreochromis mossambicus) in nine earthen ponds for 120 days. Three different feeding regimes (T₁, T₂, and T₃) with three replications each were used. The stocking density was uniform across all treatments at 25,000 fish per hectare. The fish were fed a commercially available pelleted feed with the same feeding rate in all treatments, but the feeding frequency varied. The feeding rate was 10%, 8%, 7%, 6 %, 5%, and 4% which was consecutively adjusted after each fortnightly sampling and 3% for the last 4 weeks of the study period. Feeding frequencies were once a day for T₁, twice a day for T₂, and three times a day for T₃. The average weight gain of Oreochromine cichlids in T₃ (295±5 gm) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of T₂ (240.67±6.66 gm) and T₁ (217.17±7.64 gm). The survival rates were 95.20%, 96.99%, and 97.33% for T₁, T₂, and T₃, respectively. The net production of fish in T₃ (2882.00±62.00 kg/ha) was significantly higher (P<0.05) than in T₂ (2413.00± kg/ha) and T₁ (2223±30.55). Furthermore, the highest net return (USD 1163/ha with a cost-benefit ratio of 1.42) was achieved from T₃, followed by T₂ (USD 527/ha with a cost-benefit ratio of 1.19) and T₁ (USD 270/ha with a cost-benefit ratio of 1.09). The results demonstrated that increasing the feeding frequency has positive effects on the growth and production of Oreochromine cichlids.

Evaluating the characteristics, trends and challenges of marine fisheries in Iraq

Abdul-Razak M. Mohamed — 2024-09-25

The characteristics, trends and challenges of the marine fisheries of Basrah province, Iraq were studied in this study. Information on fish landings was gathered from the main landing site of the marine fisheries at Al-Fao port from January 2023 to December 2023. The total landing of marine fisheries was 29,446 tons for 28 fish species and two shrimp species. Threadfin bream constituted 10.87% of the landing, followed by Mullets (9.72%) and Emperor (9.39%). Shrimp formed about 13.87% of the total catches. The landings of Threadfin bream and Emperor, as well as shrimp, significantly increased in 2023, while the contribution of historically more important species such as the landing of river shad has decreased to the lowest level. Therefore, from a fisheries management perspective, it is crucial to manage the stock of various species, especially River shad by ensuring the right amount of water is obtained from the upper Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to marine waters through the Shatt Al-Arab River, implementing national fishing regulations to deter illegal fishing methods and safeguard the fish during their migration, reproduction, and in their nursery habitats in inland waters.

Purification of biodiesel-derived crude glycerol and its application in plasticizing cassava starch bioplastics

Ahimbisibwe Michael — 2024-09-25

This study focused on purifying crude glycerol, a by-product of biodiesel production, using acid-precipitation, methanol extraction, and adsorption with acid-activated charcoal. Among the acids tested—sulfuric, phosphoric, and hydrochloric—phosphoric acid proved most effective, producing the clearest glycerol with minimal salt deposition. The purified glycerol was then used to produce bioplastics, which were tested for mechanical properties. The results indicated that Phosphoric acid yielded the clearest glycerol with minimal salt deposition. The resultant salt, potassium phosphate (K₂PO₄), has potential as a fertilizer. The purified glycerol showed increased density and viscosity, indicating higher purity compared to crude glycerol. The density of the purified glycerol was closer to that of analytical-grade glycerol. Bioplastic 1 (using analytical-grade glycerol) exhibited the highest tensile strength, withstanding up to 4.3N and extending about 104mm before breaking. Bioplastic 2 (using glycerol purified with hydrochloric acid) withstood up to 4.1N, while Bioplastic 3 (using glycerol purified with acetic acid) endured the least stress, withstanding up to 3.8N and extending up to 87mm before breaking. The study demonstrates that phosphoric acid is an effective agent for purifying crude glycerol, significantly enhancing its quality. The purified glycerol, in turn, improves the mechanical properties of bioplastics, making them more durable and suitable for a range of applications. This process not only adds value to the biodiesel production by-product but also contributes to the development of stronger, more versatile bioplastics.

Effect of nitrogen levels on growth and yield of popcorn maize (Zea mays var. everta) in Mid Hills, Parbat District, Nepal

Bamdev Regmi — 2024-09-25

A field experiment was conducted from March to July 2020 to investigate the impact of varying nitrogen levels on the growth and yield of popcorn maize in Parbat. The experiment was laid out in single factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) comprising nine levels of nitrogen: 0, 50, 75, 100, 120, 125, 150, 175 and 200 kg ha^-1 as treatment with three replications. "Lumle Yellow" variety was cultivated in an acidic (pH 4.9) clay loam soil with moderate levels of total nitrogen (0.19%), high levels of available phosphorus (126.6 kg ha^-1), potassium (427.68 kg ha^-1), and moderate organic matter content (4.36%). The findings showed that an increased N-level significantly increased plant height and the leaf area index, reaching a maximum at 175 kg N ha^-1. While number of cob plant^-1 and kernel row cob^-1 were non-significant, yield attributing parameters such as cob length, cob diameter, number of kernel rows^-1, thousand grain weight, and grain yield were significant and determined to be maximum at 150 kg N ha^-1. With subsequent increases in N to 175 and 200 kg N ha^-1, the yield-attributing features did not show an increase. The highest grain yield (4.97 Mt ha^-1) produced from 150 kg N ha^-1was 98 percent higher than the yield obtained from control (2.5 Mt ha^-1) and 28 percent higher as compared to lowest level of N (50 kg ha^-1). However, reduction in grain yield was found with increase in N levels above 150 kg ha^-1.

Association of Traits Analysis for Yield and Yield Related Traits of Durum Wheat (Triticum Turgidum L. var. Durum) Advanced Lines at Injibara, Northwestern Ethiopia

Besides the existence of genetic variation, the interaction between traits is crucial for the success of plant breeding. Therefore, understanding how yield-related traits influence overall yield is essential. This study aimed to investigate the correlations between grain yield and its contributing traits, as well as to assess the direct and indirect effects of these traits on grain yield in durum wheat. A total of 45 durum wheat genotypes were evaluated using a 5x9 alpha lattice experimental design with two replications at the Injibara substation of the Pawe Agricultural Research Center during the 202/2021 main cropping season. Fourteen quantitative traits, including the grain yield of durum wheat, were analyzed. Grain yield displayed significant positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with the number of spikelet’s per spike (.83**, .80**), kernels per spike (.84**, .80**), thousand kernel weight (.47**, .34**), spike length (.44**, .43**), days to maturity (.73**, .67**), biomass yield (.43**, .31**), and harvest index (.82**, .81**). The genotypic correlations were generally more pronounced than the phenotypic correlations for nearly all studied traits. Path analysis of genotypic correlation revealed positive direct effects of kernels per spike (0.314), grain filling period (0.16), thousand kernel weight (0.058), and harvest index (0.043) on the grain yield of durum wheat. Therefore, to enhance durum wheat yield in breeding programs, selection and hybridization should focus on traits that exhibit significant positive correlation coefficients and direct effects on grain yield. Overall, it can be concluded that there is a favorable opportunity for achieving a high response to selection for improving yield and its components in durum wheat.

Screening of blackgram (Vigna mungo) genotypes for resistance to cercospora leaf spot and yield performance in Nepal

Siddhanta Shrestha — 2024-12-25

This study screened 12 black gram (Vigna mungo L.) genotypes for resistance to Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) caused by Cercospora canescens. Conducted at the research plot of the Mid-West Academy and Research Institute, Tulsipur, Dang, the experiment utilized a randomized complete block design with three replications from September 2022 to January 2023. Disease severity was evaluated at 40, 47, and 54 days after sowing (DAS), with scoring based on the percentage of infected leaf area at 7-day intervals. Key disease metrics—incidence, severity, mean area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), and yield—were calculated. Results indicated no significant difference in CLS incidence among genotypes. However, significant differences in disease severity were noted at 40, 47, and 54 DAS, with AUDPC values differing across genotypes. Based on mean AUDPC values, 10 genotypes were categorized as moderately resistant, while BLG 0066-1-1 and BLG 0035-1 were moderately susceptible. BLG 0035-1 had the highest AUDPC (324.1), and BLG 0069-1 had the lowest (175). Yield varied significantly, with the highest yield (799 kg/ha) recorded for BLG 0068-2 and the lowest (495 kg/ha) for BLG 0066-1. These findings support breeding efforts targeting CLS resistance and enhanced yield in black gram.

Assessment of biochar quality and agronomic efficiency produced from rice-husk and saw-dust at different temperature regimes

Purnika Aryal — 2024-12-25

Declining soil fertility and the limited use of sustainable soil organic amendments has resulted in reduced crop productivity in Nepal. This study assessed biochar produced from rice husk and sawdust at three different pyrolysis temperatures (200°C, 400°C, and 600°C), characterized their properties and applied them as soil amendments to test their agronomic effect on kidney bean production. The highest biochar yields were achieved at lower pyrolysis temperatures (200°C) for both rice husk (40%) and sawdust (38.4%). Ash content was significantly higher in rice husk (33.6%) compared to sawdust biochar (5.8%) across all temperatures. Sawdust biochar had higher volatile matter (91%) than in rice husk biochar (61.5%). The fixed carbon content was greater at 200°C and 400°C for both rice husk and sawdust biochar. FT-IR result showed significant loss of aromatic groups with increasing temperature. Biochar from all three temperatures was then used in a pot experiment to grow kidney beans and assess their agronomic effects. Seven treatments were used: control (CK), rice husk biochar at 200°C (RH200), 400°C (RH400), and 600°C (RH600), sawdust at 200°C (SD200), 400°C (SD400), and 600°C (SD600) following a completely randomized design with 3 replications per treatment. Cattle manure was applied uniformly (25 t ha^-1) across all treatments, including the control. Over 50 days, SD400 resulted in the tallest plants, SD600 produced the thickest stem and RH600 had the highest number of leaves. Biochar applications showed significantly higher fruit weight and counts, which was on average 24 % higher than the control, with no significant differences between rice husk and saw dust biochar at three different temperatures. The study suggests that high quality biochar can be produced from both rice husk and saw dust and its application boost legume yields, which is crucial for enhancing country’s nutritional and food security.

Study on the effect of drought and waterlogging conditions on yield and growth of three local varieties of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

Fatema Tuj Zohura — 2024-12-25

Climate change causes substantial abiotic pressures like drought and waterlogging to reduce eggplant production every year in Bangladesh. Hence, this study aims to investigate the influence of the abiotic stresses on the yield and growth of three local varieties of eggplants including BARI Begun-5, BARI Begun-7 and Purple king in Bangladesh. Also the study aims to find out the proper eggplant variety for the southern and norther parts of Bangladesh. The experiments were carried out using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications followed by statistical analysis using Statistix 10 software. In comparison to drought and waterlogging conditions, purple king was observed to exhibit larger plant height of 36.5 cm, SPAD value of 57.4, and fruit yield of 1.5 kg/pot when applying a control condition. The results showed that both the waterlogging and drought conditions influenced significantly and reduced the growth and yield of the eggplants. Between them, the waterlogged conditions affected the outputs more. It is worth noting that the BARI Begun-5 was affected by the treatments more than the BARI Begun-7 and Purple king. This study suggests that the purple king variety should be the suitable variety for the southern and norther parts of Bangladesh.

Ms Review on Effect, mechanism and management methods of drought stress in wheat

Smirti Sharma

Wheat is considered the most important cereal crop in the Poaceae family. Among all biotic and abiotic stress, drought is one of the most limiting factors for crop production and food security. The relevant reports related to the effect of drought stress and management in wheat were collected from the study of journal articles, research papers, books, and review articles, and major findings were summarised. Water unavailability in soil affects morphological, physiological, and biochemical phenomena. Morphological changes like seedling length, primary roots length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight, shoot dry weight, and germination rate occur during drought conditions in the soil. Changes in physiological phenomena like cell growth pattern, chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, evapotranspiration rate, membranous stability, and Relative water content occur due to water scarcity in soil. Biochemical changes in proline content, antioxidant enzymes defense system, osmotic adjustment, abscisic acid production, and lipid peroxidation occur during water-deficient periods in wheat. Despite all these causes four mechanisms of drought tolerance. Escape, avoidance, recovery, and tolerance are present in the wheat crop, which somewhat copes with drought dress. Secondary messengers like Ca2+, ROS, and ABA activate transcription factors, forming drought tolerance protein that reduces moisture stress in wheat crops. In addition, Drought-tolerant wheat cultivars need to be developed using modern approaches such as physiological trait-based breeding, molecular breeding, marker-assisted backcrossing, genome editing, and transcriptase factors for better productivity and food security which is considered to be the major aim of this review.

Effectiveness of pre-emergence herbicides on weed population and yield of boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan58) under different dose

Md. Zobayer Hossain — 2024-12-25

Weed management is crucial for optimal crop performance in rice cultivation. In this respect, an experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory (AFL), Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, from December 2019 to May 2020 and aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of various herbicide treatments on weed management and crop performance in rice cultivation, focusing on the variety BRRI dhan58. The study included a control group and various herbicide treatments: half the recommended dose (RD), RD, and a double dose of pendimethalin, bensulfuron methyl + acetachlor, bensulfuron methyl + bispyribac sodium, pretilachlor, and butachlor. Eleven weed species from six families infested the plots. The results showed that double doses of pre-emergence herbicides resulted in lower weed populations (WP) (m^-²), reduced weed dry weight (DW) (gm^-2), and higher weed control efficiency (WCE %). The highest weed control efficiencies at 30 DAT were 94.58% for Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor and 94.38% for Pretilachlor. The double dose of Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor achieved the lowest WP and DW and the highest WCE. Crop performance improved significantly with the double dose of Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor, resulting in the highest PH, a more significant number of effective tillers (NET) hill^-1, 1000-grain weight (TGW), grain yield (GY), straw yield (SY), biological yield (SY), and harvest index (HI). The second-highest GY was observed with the double dose of Bensulfuron methyl + Bispyribac sodium. The study concluded that the double dose of Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor was the most effective weed management strategy, leading to the highest grain yield in boro rice. These findings highlight that using a double dose of Bensulfuron methyl + Acetachlor not only offers superior weed control but also maximizes grain yield, making it the most effective weed management strategy for boro rice cultivation and a practical recommendation for farmers seeking to optimize productivity through targeted herbicide application.

Biophysical and temporal factors influenced population dynamics of woolly aphid, codling moth and mealybug in apple (Malus domestica B.) production of southern Ethiopia

Zemenu Fentahun — 2024-09-25

Apple is one of the most popular fruit crops globally, including Ethiopia. However, its productivity is adversely influenced by many constraints. Insect pests, such as woolly apple aphids, codling moths, and mealybugs, are major damaging biotic constraints globally, including Ethiopia, and their population dynamics are significantly influenced by biophysical and temporal changes. Field surveys were conducted in the Chencha highlands of southern Ethiopia during the 2021 and 2022 main rainy and off seasons to determine the prevalence and incidence of these insect pests and the associations of biophysical and temporal factors with these pests’ population changes. Multistage random sampling approaches were followed for data collection, and consequently, 164 apple fields were inspected for insects’ occurrence. Logistic regression analyses were employed to determine the association of independent variables with the incidence of each insect pest. Results showed that the prevalence (90.18, 75.61, and 50.45% in 2021 and 70.26, 54.15 and 36.48% in 2022, respectively), incidence, and number of individual insects per tree varied across years, seasons, and other biophysical factors. These parameters were higher in the off-season in 2021 than in the main rainy season in 2022. Accordingly, incidences of aphids, codling moths, and mealybugs were recorded at about 57.56, 54.93, and 33.29% in 2021, and 37.01, 40.78%, and 21.23% in 2022, respectively. Association analyses revealed that independent variables such as years, seasons, altitude, age of tree, growth stages, cropping systems, weed infestation, and tree management were significantly (P<0.001) associated with the incidences of all studied insects in the reduced multiple regression model. Apple cultivation at an altitude of ≤2500 m and main rainy season with recently planted trees (≤5 years), flowering to fruit development growth stages, high weed infestation, and tree management through composting and pruning had significant associations with low wooly aphids (≤15%), codling moths (≤40%), and mealybug (≤20%) incidence and can be considered as management options to reduce the aforementioned insects and associated yield losses to ensure apple production.

Comparative study of mash vs pellet feed on growth performance and feed utilization by goat

Sagun Malla — 2024-09-25

This study was conducted in Bharatpur-11, Chitwan, Nepal, to evaluate the effects of two feed forms (mash and pellet) on the growth performance and feed utilization in goats. Twenty Boer cross female goats, averaging five months in age, were assigned to either mash or pellet feed treatments, with 10 goats in each group, for a 90-day period, with two weeks of adaptation. The experimental animals were given concentrate feed at 1% of their body weight daily, along with ad libitum access to Napier grass and clean drinking water. Both feed types had a dry matter content of 90% and a crude protein level of 17%. Key parameters assessed included feed and forage intake, body weight changes, and feed wastage. Goats on pelleted feed showed a significantly higher average daily weight gain of 62.00 g/day compared to 26.11 g/day for those on mash feed. Final body weights were also greater in the pellet-fed group (28.88 kg) compared to the mash-fed group (25.04 kg). Additionally, pelleted feed led to higher intake of concentrate and forages and significantly reduced feed wastage, with pellet feed waste being 1.22 g/day versus 27.65 g/day for mash feed. These findings indicate that pelleted feed enhances growth performance, feed intake, and feed efficiency in goats. Therefore, this study indicated that pelleted feed is a more effective option for enhancing goat productivity and reducing feed wastage.

Impact and tolerance mechanism of heat stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): A review

Suchi Bhatt — 2024-09-25

Wheat is one of the major cereal crops preferred by world’s population. About 55% of world’s population depend on wheat to meet their 20% calorie requirement. Wheat being a winter crop grows best in 15-25 degree Celsius of temperature range. But due to increasing global warming climatic requirement of wheat is not fulfilled and suffer different abiotic stresses such as heat, drought, salinity, cold, excess water etc. Among which heat stress is one of the major abiotic stresses faced by wheat. It has different morphological, biochemical and physiological consequences on wheat for instance poor grain quality, decreased grain number and weight, decreased photosynthesis due to disruption in chlorophyll structure and function, reduced starch content due to poor efficiency of enzyme required in biosynthesis. To cope up with all these impacts of heat stress wheat has developed various tolerance mechanisms such as release of heat shock protein, antioxidant defense mechanism, membrane thermostability, stay green, omics approaches etc. Heat shock protein helps to prevent death of cell, accumulation of denatured protein, refolding of protein, transmission of heat shock responses etc. While omics approaches help in gene profiling, protein identification etc. knowledge about both the effect and tolerance mechanism of heat stress in wheat helps to develop heat tolerant varieties with collaborative effort of plant breeder, physiologist etc. that helps to maintain food security.