Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science

In-vitro evaluation of antifungal effects of botanical extracts against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing anthracnose of beans

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Anthracnose of beans caused by Colletotrichum lindemuthianum is regarded as one of the most damaging diseases of legumes, producing major losses in productivity and quality every year. Several fungicides are available for control but are dangerous to the health of the environment and organisms, so developing organic solutions is imperative. The in-vitro study includes five botanicals namely neem, mugwort, garlic, ginger, and wild sage, to evaluate their capacity to inhibit the mycelial growth of C. lindemuthianum. Analysis was done with the poisoned food technique with four replications for each botanical used in a completely randomized design (CRD). The maximum growth inhibition (100%) was observed in garlic at 10% concentration, followed by ginger (81.15%), while the minimum growth inhibition (36.58%) was observed in wild sage at 10% concentration. Garlic, neem, and mugwort exhibited greater efficiency at lower concentrations, whereas ginger and wild sage demonstrated increased efficiency with higher concentrations. The in-vitro study needs to be tested in field conditions to determine the practical efficiency of the botanicals, and a focus should be made on using garlic and ginger to find organic solutions against the anthracnose of beans.

Performance evaluation of advanced durum wheat genotypes under irrigated condition at Bhairahawa, Nepal

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A field research was carried out at the National Wheat Research Program (NWRP) in Bhairahawa, Nepal in 2022 to investigate elite durum wheat genotypes and key traits contributing to grain yield. The experiment was performed in an alpha lattice design with two replications. Thirty distinct durum wheat genotypes were assessed, focusing on fourteen quantitative traits including days to booting, days to heading, days to maturity, plant height, spike length, peduncle length, number of tillers per square meter, number of spikes per square meter, number of grains per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand kernel weight, grain yield, biomass yield, chlorophyll content. The studied genotypes were grown under irrigated condition. Genotype NL1779 attained the highest grain yield of 3828 kg/ha, followed by NL1769 (3784 kg/ha), NL1772 (3726 kg/ha), NL1789 (3640 kg/ha) and NL1784 (3570 kg/ha). Principal components analysis revealed that eight traits were the major loadings on the first two principal components that describe 53.4% of the total morphological variance at irrigated condition. Cluster analysis grouped the different genotypes into four clusters, with each cluster showing variation in performance for different traits under irrigated conditions. Cluster III is characterized by genotypes exhibiting the highest grain yield, biomass yield, spike length, number of grains per spike, and number of spikes per square meter. Notably, the high-yielding genotypes NL1779, NL1769, NL1772, NL1789, NL1784, and NL1773 identified within this cluster could serve as potential candidates for inclusion in the national breeding program. These superior genotypes could be recommended for irrigated environment after further evaluation. Integrating them into national breeding programs offers an opportunity for genetic improvement, contributing to establishing a robust durum wheat production system in Nepal, meeting the growing demand for durum wheat products while promoting dietary diversity and sustainable agriculture.

Influence of seed priming in the germination and yield performances of common buckwheat

Dipika Bhusal, Dhirendra Pratap Thakur, Laxmeshwar Yadav, Prakash Ghimire — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The study, conducted from November 2019 to March 2020 at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science in Rupandehi, Nepal, aimed to evaluate the effects of seed priming techniques on common buckwheat. The experiment comprised eleven treatments with three replications each. Germination parameters were analyzed in the laboratory using a complete block design, while growth and yield parameters were assessed in the field using a randomized complete block design. The results indicated significant improvements in all germination and yield parameters of buckwheat due to seed priming. Notably, the 48-hour hydropriming treatment exhibited the highest performance, yielding a germination percentage of 87.167%, a speed of germination of 66.62, a vigor index of 52.78, a grain yield of 1518.988 kgha^-1, a test weight of 19.533 g, and a harvest index of 0.405. These findings suggest that priming seeds with water for 48 hours can effectively enhance the germination, growth, and yield attributes of common buckwheat.

An investigation on the performance of rice threshing drums in the southwestern region of Bangladesh

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study evaluated the performance indices of the locally developed rice-threshing drum in the Khulna region of Bangladesh. Threshing efficiency, throughput capacity, output capacity, threshing capacity and grain to straw ratio were assessed and data were analyzed using ANOVA as a statistical tool. The study involved the thresher with different engine horsepower capacities (25hp, 20hp, and 16hp). The variables of paddy were two stages of moisture content (14% referred as dry condition and 23% referred as wet condition), four different cutting heights of paddy (25-30, 30-35, 35-40 and 40-45 cm). The values for threshing efficiency, threshing capacity, output capacity, throughput capacity and grain to straw ratio in dry conditions ranged from 97.83 – 98.83%, 1700-2373 kg/hr, 27.75 -36.46 kg/hr, 930 – 1436 kg/hr and 1.21-1.54 respectively and in wet condition ranged from 96.15 – 97.79%, 1168-2167 kg/hr, 41.64 -49.99 kg/hr, 622 – 1280 kg/hr and 1.14-1.45, respectively. It was observed that with the increase in moisture content, cutting height and decrease in engine horsepower, there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in output capacity, threshing capacity, threshing efficiency and grain to straw ratio and vice versa. Therefore, the thresher used would be more useful by maintaining a proper combination of machine-crop parameters such as a moisture content of 14-15 %, an engine horsepower of 25 hp and a cutting height of 25-30 cm. Insights from this study can guide the development and adoption of improved paddy-threshing technologies in the region.

Comparative analysis of red and green lettuce microgreens under different artificial LED lighting conditions

Mousumi Jahan Sumi, Syed Sakib Thamid, Rakibul Hasan Md. Rabbi, Shahin Imran — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigated how LED light exposure influences the growth and nutrient content of two lettuce microgreens over 10 days in a randomized setup. Lettuce seeds underwent surface sterilization, germination in prepared soil, and exposure to different LED light conditions. Morphological parameters and pigment analysis, including stem length, petiole length, leaf area, plant height, root length, fresh weight, dry matter percentage, were evaluated. Green lettuce outperformed red lettuce in the studied morphological parameters, including stem length (2.74±0.22 cm), plant height (4.54±0.21 cm), and fresh weight (3.79±0.32 g/100 plants) under different LED. White light promoted taller plants with higher fresh weight (4.45±0.43 g/100plants), dry matter (4.84±0.38%), and leaf area (0.76±0.06 cm²) in both lettuce species. In contrast, red light reduced overall growth and development, as evidenced by a 54% decrease in leaf area, despite a 23.36% increase in plant height. Chlorophyll levels varied significantly among LED treatments, with white LED yielding the highest levels in both red and green lettuce. Highest chlorophyll a (146.37±6.27 µg/g FW), chlorophyll b (86.74±2.44 µg/g FW), total chlorophyll (233.11±8.69 µg/g FW) and relative chlorophyll (215.84±8.05 µg/cm²) content was found in green lettuce under white light condition. Similarly, green lettuce grown under white LED had the highest total carotenoid, β-carotene, and lutein. The study concludes that optimizing white LED illumination has the potential to improve the nutritional value of lettuce microgreens by enhancing growth and pigment content, particularly in green varieties. These findings emphasize the crucial role of LED light color in optimizing the nutritional quality of microgreens.

Effect of transplanting dates on growth, yield and quality of broad leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. rugosa) varieties at Rampur, Chitwan, Nepal

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Broad Leaf Mustard, one of the most popular, highly commercialized, and widely grown green vegetables due to its richness in vitamin and minerals with peculiar taste. The precise knowledge of ideal planting time with right selection of variety provides suitable environmental conditions at all growth stages that increase the yield. The field experiment was carried at Horticulture Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Agriculture and Forestry University, Rampur, Chitwan to evaluate the effect of transplanting dates on growth, yield and quality of Broad Leaf Mustard (Brassica juncea L. var. rugosa) varieties in Terai condition of Nepal during October 2021 to March 2022. The experiment was laid out in two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. There were sixteen treatment combination comprising four varieties (Khumal Broad Leaf, Marpha Broad Leaf, Manakamana and Mike Giant) with four transplanting dates (October 25, November 9, November 24 and December 9). The results revealed that transplanting dates and varieties along with interaction significantly influenced the growth, yield and quality of Broad Leaf Mustard. Among the varieties, Khumal Broad Leaf was significantly superior on growth parameters like plant height, leaf length and breadth, plant canopy but on yield attributes the superior variety was Mike Giant based on number of leaves harvested per plot (226.08) and leaf yield (26.43 mt ha^-1). However, the organoleptic test result revealed that the Mike Giant had excellent taste (74%) along with highest recovery percentage of Gundruk (27.62 %). Among the date of transplanting, mid transplanting on November 9 was better in terms of growth and leaf yield of 28.92 mt ha^-1.While poorest performance was recorded on last transplanting on December 9 in all growth, yield and quality parameters with leaf yield of 17.36 mt ha^-1. The interaction effect of different varieties and transplanting dates resulted better growth and quality in Khumal Broad Leaf and Manakamana varieties when transplanted on November 9. So based on the results of the experiment, Mike Giant transplanted on November 9 produced better growth and yield than others for the optimum yield production in Chitwan, Nepal.

Detection of citrus greening disease and field efficacy of anti-pathogen chemicals against the disease in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco.) in Gulmi, Nepal

Abhinav Poudel, Kamal Kafle, Susan Subedi — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Citrus cultivation in Nepal faces a persistent decline due to the widespread prevalence of Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as Citrus Greening Disease, across citrus-growing regions. This has resulted in significant economic losses for farmers, prompting them to actively seek preventive and remedial measures. In a study conducted at Resunga Municipality and Dhurkot Rural Municipality, Gulmi, aimed at addressing this decline, 51 orchards were assessed for HLB using the starch iodine test. Concurrently, the efficacy of anti-pathogen chemicals in managing citrus greening disease in mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) was evaluated. An experiment was designed, incorporating eight treatments in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. Each replication included eight treatments designated as follows: T1: Neem oil 5ml/l + Lentinan 2ml/l, T2: Neem Oil 5ml/l + B. amyloliquefacians 5ml/l, T3: Neem oil 5ml/l + Pseudomonas 5ml/l, T4: Imidacloprid 0.02% + Copper Oxychloride 0.025%, T5: Imidacloprid 0.02% + Streptocycline 250ppm, T6: B. thuringiensis 2ml/l + Pseudomonas 5ml/l, T7: B. thuringiensis 2ml/l + B. amyloliquefacians 5ml/l, T8: control. Results revealed that among the orchards tested, 18 were positive for HLB, representing 35.2% of the sample size. Notably, plots treated with Neem oil + B. amyloliquefacians and B. thuringiensis + B. amyloliquefacians exhibited the most significant reduction in disease severity compared to the control. Based on these findings, foliar application of Neem oil at a concentration of 5ml/l along with B. amyloliquefacians at 5ml/l, and B. thuringiensis at 2ml/l along with B. amyloliquefacians at 5ml/l at monthly intervals showed promising results in reducing the severity of citrus greening.

Assessment of wheat genotypes for spot blotch (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) resistance under artificial epiphytotic conditions in the inner terai of Nepal

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Spot blotch, caused by (Bipolaris sorokiniana Sacc.) is a significant fungal disease leading to economic losses in wheat (Triticum aestivum), especially in regions with low soil fertility and warm, humid climates, such as the inner Terai of Nepal. A field experiment was conducted at the National Maize Research Program (NMRP), Rampur, Chitwan, during winter of 2021/022 with an aim of identifying wheat genotypes with spot blotch resistance under artificial epiphytotic conditions. Each genotype was sown in a single 2-meter long row alongside susceptible check genotypes (Agra and Morocco) at every 20^throw. Aqueous spore suspension of B. sorokiniana was applied twice in border rows during the booting stage at 15-day intervals. Disease severity was assessed four times at five-day intervals using a double-digit scale based on the percentage blighted area on the flag and penultimate leaf, and the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was calculated. The results categorized 43 genotypes as resistant, 127 as moderately resistants, 135 as moderately susceptible, 66 as susceptible, and 7 as highly susceptible based on AUDPC. Cluster analysis identified cluster 3 comprising 17 genotypes as superior in terms of disease resistance as well as agronomic parameters. NRN-34 emerged as the top-ranked genotype within this cluster, followed by NAL-73, NAL-94, NAL-12, NRN-34, NAL-57, NAL-43, NAL-82, and NAL-35, exhibiting lower AUDPC values and higher yield-attributing character values. This study will aid breeders in developing spot blotch-resistant and high-yielding wheat varieties by incorporating the identified promising genotypes into further breeding programs.

Adoption of post-harvest practices and their influencing factors: A study of ginger growers in Syangja, Nepal

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Proper ginger post-harvest practices enhance quality, extend shelf life, and ameliorate market access. Prioritizing post-harvest practices in ginger can tremendously increase the market value of ginger in Nepal. Nevertheless, this cannot be done without thorough understanding about the current adoption of post-harvest practices among farmers. So, this study was carried out to know the status of adoption of post-harvest practices in ginger, examine factors associated with adoption, identify and rank major constraints of adoption. The collection of primary data involved 80 ginger growers chosen randomly from altogether 6 wards in Galyang, Waling, and Chapakot municipalities. Data entry and analysis were performed using two software: MS Excel 2021 and SPSS Version 27. The adoption status of ginger post-harvest practices was assessed and quantified using frequency distribution. The chi-square test revealed a significant association between adoption and membership (5%), extension (1%) and training (1%). However, the association between demographic factors like age, gender, education level, experiences in ginger cultivation, and the adoption of post-harvest practices in ginger was statistically non-significant. Moreover, an independent sample t-test and indexing technique were employed. Average adoption index was computed based on which high and low adopters were categorized. Notable advantages emerged for high adopters as they cultivated ginger in larger areas (p < 0.01) and gained higher economic returns (p < 0.05). Five constraints regarding the adoption were ranked through indexing, where a poor marketing system had the highest index value of 0.83, followed by the unavailability of improved processing technologies. In contrast, labor crisis was the least ranked constraint. This study concluded that farmers still follow the traditional methods of ginger post-harvest practices, denoting significant potential for improvement. Thus, offering impactful trainings and support to farmers in line with their recommendations can be the pivotal step towards enhancing the post-harvest practices in ginger sector in Syangja district.

An assessment on environmental law to manage forest resources: A study from Ramechhap District of Nepal

Dipak Prasad Rimal, Rajesh Prasad Dahal, Samit Kafle, Sandeep K. C. — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

In Nepal's Ramechhap district, a study was undertaken to assess the influence of environmental laws on forest resource management, involving surveys and interviews with 67 households. The research aimed to understand perceptions of environmental laws, current practices, and their impact on livelihood sustainability. Past studies often overlooked legal and regulatory aspects, prompting a call for greater attention to these dimensions. Utilizing SPSS version 26 and MS-Excel 2016, the analysis revealed significant associations between people's perceptions of environmental laws and various socio-economic factors. Specifically, age (Pearson χ²=15.398, df=6, p=0.017), education (Pearson χ²=26.347, df=10, p=0.003), occupation (Pearson χ²=31.98, df=8, p=0.00), ethnicity (Pearson χ²=12.686, df=4, p=0.013), and economic status based on land ownership (Pearson χ²=9.597, df=2, p=0.008) all showed significant associations at p-value < 0.05. However, gender (Pearson χ²=2.021, df=2, p>0.05) and economic status based on food sufficiency (Pearson χ²=10.96, df=4, p>0.05) did not demonstrate significant attitudes towards the impact of environmental laws. The study highlighted weaknesses in enforcing environmental laws, emphasizing the necessity for robust institutional frameworks and progressive policies at all government levels. It stressed the importance of expanding similar research across diverse regions of Nepal to comprehensively understand the nationwide impact of environmental laws. Effective implementation of these laws is deemed crucial for sustainable forest management, biodiversity conservation, and socio-economic development.

Aqua drugs and chemicals used in commercial aquaculture in Mymensingh, Bangladesh

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Mymensingh is a division in north-central Bangladesh renowned for its lush landscapes and agricultural productivity, with a strong focus on aquaculture as a key part of its economy. The study was performed to investigate the aqua drugs companies and their products used in commercial aquaculture farms in Mymensingh division. Questionnaire based data were collected from representatives of various aqua drug companies, district and upazila fisheries offices, chemical vendors, farmers, and hatchery owners of the Mymensingh division. The present study found aquaculture practices in Mymensingh rely heavily on various antibiotics, probiotics, disinfectants, and feed additives to prevent the spread of diseases, maintain water quality, and increase growth of culture fishes. Drugs from various companies are widely utilized across the Mymensingh division. Fishtech BD contributing the highest percentage (12%), followed by Eon Pharmaceutical Ltd. (11%) and ACI Animal Health (10%), while AVON Animal Health made the lowest contribution (2%). Among the various drugs from different companies, Renamycin (antibiotic), Timsen and Emsen (disinfectants), Pond Care (probiotics), Zeolite Gold, Gasonex, and Mega Zeo Plus (zeolite) are commonly preferred by the farmers. The study also found that many farmers lack knowledge about chemical ingredients, proper dosages, and appropriate application methods. Therefore, adequate training and implementation of government rules and regulations are necessary to ensure responsible use.

Evaluation of different spring rice genotypes for seedling stage growth at Tulsipur, Dang, Nepal

Dikchha Pantha, Anjila Shrestha, Abina Ghimire, Sudha Gurung, Suruchi Aryal — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Rice is the fundamental staple crop of Nepal. For food security, the production rate of main season rice is insufficient; nevertheless, spring rice can be a possibility. Spring rice is short
duration crop as compared to the main season crop as, it can be best utilized through its cultivation. An experiment on spring rice (Oryza sativa) was performed to examine ten different elite rice genotypes in irrigated seedling stage at Campus of Live Sciences, Tulsipur, Dang from April to May 2023 with an objective to assess the response of different genotypes of seedling stage under controlled environment condition and to compare seedling stage growth and development of different spring rice variety The study was conducted with three replications on a completely randomized design (CRD). Data on the seedlings' growth was gathered at intervals of ten days. The outcome showed that there were statistical differences in morphological features between various genotypes. In comparison to other plants, IR09R270 had the highest average plant height (12.9 cm), IR17A106 had the greatest amount of leaves (2.44), IR09R270 had the greatest length of leaves (6.59 cm), Svin080 had the widest leaves (0.18 cm), IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA had the longest shoots length (16.46 cm), and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA had the longest roots length (9.30 cm). The sample with the highest percentage of germination (85.65%) was IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA. The majority of genotypes were found to have heritability more than 60%, indicating a greater contribution from genetic factors than environmental conditions. It was discovered that the phenotypic coefficient of variance (PCV) was marginally larger than the genotypic coefficient of variance (GCV), suggesting that the environment had little effect on how characters are expressed. The study's conclusions demonstrated that the rice genotypes IR09R270 and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA were preferable to other elite genotypes found in the Terai region. In conclusion under irrigated conditions, rice genotypes IR09R270 and IR112208B-B-RGA-BRGA performed well.

Comparative advantages of aqueous extract of mustard crop residues with herbicide to weed control and crop performance of wheat

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The detrimental effects of excessive synthetic herbicide use on the environment and yield losses from weeds in low-input agricultural systems have made sustainable weed management imperative. In this respect, a field experiment was conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory (AFL) of Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh, from November 2021 to March 2022, to explore the effects of mustard crop residue extracts on weed control and yield performance of wheat. The study considered three varieties: BARI Gom-32, BARI Gom-33, and BWMRI Gom-1 and six different treatment such as, no weeding (control), recommended dose of herbicide (RDH), 90% RDH + 1:20 aqueous extract of mustard (AEM), 80% RDH + 1:20 AEM, 70% RDH + 1:20 AEM, 60% RDH + 1:20 AEM. Three replications of a randomized complete block design (RCBD) were used in the experiment. The AEM and variety significantly influenced weed population (WP) and dry weight (DW), with BWMRI Gom-1 showing the highest WP and BARI Gom-32 the lowest. BARI Gom-32 also produced the highest grain yield (GY) and other yield-contributing characteristics. The best results, including the highest numbers of effective tillers (NET) hill^-1 (7.67), number of grains spike^-1 (NGS) (47.67), 1000-grain weight (TGW) (57.67g), GY (5.02 t ha^-1), and straw yield (SY) (6.93 t ha^-1), were observed in plots treated with the RDH and the BARI Gom-32 variety, followed by 90% RDH + 1:20 AEM. These findings suggested that aqueous mustard crop residue extracts could be an effectively source to suppress WP and enhance yield.

Performance of kharif maize under conservation tillage in silty clay loam soil

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Maize is a major staple food as well as potential cash crop for millions of people, mostly grown in the winter season in Bangladesh under conventional tillage practice. But huge area of cultivable land remains fallow in kharif-1 season in Sylhet region as well as other parts of Bangladesh. Hence, we aimed to identify the best variety and tillage method to grow maize in silty clay loam soil in kharif season. An experiment was conducted to study the performance of six maize varieties in the Kharif-I season (summer) under three tillage methods in silty clay loam soil of Eastern Surma-Kushiyara floodplain (AEZ-20). The experiment was arranged in RCBD with three replications to observe yield contributing traits and yield performance of maize. Among the varieties, BARI Hybrid Maize-16 showed the highest yield attributes and grain yield followed by BARI Hybrid Maize-13 and BARI Hybrid Maize-9. Based on tillage, the maximum number of leaves per plant, cob length and diameter, kernel rows per cob, kernels per row, kernels per cob, highest grain yield, and stover yields were recorded in conventional tillage. Therefore, considering the yield and tillage methods, BARI Hybrid Maize-16 showed the best yield performance under conventional tillage in the kharif-I season in silty clay loam soil of Eastern Surma-Kushiyara floodplain of Bangladesh.

Assessment of forest cover change, key drivers of change and perception of locals in Birendranagar Municipality, Surkhet District, Nepal

Laxmi Sapkota, Rajesh Prasad Dahal — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Land use and land cover change has an immense impact on the global environment and ecosystem and is mostly connected with human activities such as conversion of forest into agricultural land and settlements. Forests are changing globally in quantity and quality, and in both increasing and decreasing trends. For the Birendra Nagar Municipality, this study evaluated LULC dynamics, the conversion of forest cover from 2000 to 2020, as well as community perceptions on forest cover change, its drivers. Landsat images of 2000 and 2020 were used for LULC dynamics and for forest cover change detection Using software GIS 10.8. Questionnaire survey, key informant survey, field observation and secondary data were acquired from journal articles, reports, District Forest office, books, and various other sources to find out drivers of forest cover change and perception of locals. It was found that 1146 ha of forest area, 280.53 ha of water bodies, 752.62 ha of barren land were lost between 2000 and 2020. However, 1147.74 ha of settlement area and 1032.40 ha of agricultural land was gained.Net forest cover decreased overall by 4.67%, however, some areas within the municipality experienced an increase in forest cover namely Ward 11 and ward 16 of Municipality shows Highest positive and Negative Forest cover change in terms of Area. Expansion of agriculture land and settlements with the encroachment of forest area, haphazard infrastructure development, illegal timber harvesting and low regeneration capacity of land responsible for the reduction of forest, along with Community forestry approach, plantations programs, promotion of agroforestry practices, fuel transition were responsible drivers for improvements of forest cover. Water cycle disruption, Increases Natural hazard, Temperature rises, shortage of wood for fuel, extinction of indigenous species were the most perceived negative impacts of the forest cover reduction whereas income generation Activities, support biodiversity, easy to collect fuel wool and fodder and others including purifying air quality, increasing aesthetic beauty were the most perceived positive impacts of the forest cover improvement in the study area. Most of the locals have a holistic understanding of forest cover change. Strengthening forest protection, improving soil and water conservation structures, awareness creation, enrichment planting, Promote Alternate Energy Resources and Equitable benefit-sharing mechanism are possible solutions perceived by locals.

Farmers' perception and adoption of management practices against tomato damage by tomato leaf miner (Tuta absoluta) in Pokhara, Nepal

Santosh Kafle, Aashish Karki, Prayan Pokharel — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, poses a significant threat to tomato cultivation globally, with a notable impact on yields. This study investigates the perceptions and practices of farmers in Pokhara, Nepal, regarding T. absoluta management. We aimed to assess the current adoption of management strategies, identify influencing factors, and uncover knowledge gaps among farmers. We surveyed 69 randomly selected households involved in tomato cultivation using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey collected data on observations of T. absoluta damage, management practices (chemical, physical, pheromone-based), and awareness of integrated pest management (IPM) and ecosystem services. Our findings reveal that 94% of farmers observed T. absoluta damage in their fields, with a predominant reliance on chemical pesticides (86.96%). Awareness and adoption of environmentally friendly practices, such as IPM, were notably lacking. Factors such as the age of the household head, crop rotation, cropping systems, and family type significantly influenced the adoption of various management practices. While 44.93% of farmers used pheromones, 31% recognized them as effective. This study highlights the severe threat T. absoluta poses to tomato cultivation in Pokhara and the insufficiency of current management practices. Bridging knowledge gaps regarding eco-friendly approaches, such as pheromones and biological controls, is crucial. We emphasize the need to tailor extension services by considering sociodemographic factors and promoting awareness of ecosystem services. Ultimately, our study will contribute to more sustainable pest management practices in agricultural settings.

Elevated salt stress level affected the productivity and chlorophyll content of Centella asiatica (L.)

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Salinity disrupts plant nutrient uptake, metabolism, and increases susceptibility to biotic stresses. This reduces nutrient use efficiency, leading to stunted growth and decreased productivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the growth and yield performance of Centella asiatica L. under varying levels of salt stress. The research was conducted at the Germplasm Centre, Department of Horticulture, Patuakhali Science and Technology University. A randomized complete block design with four replications was employed, wherein five salt concentrations i.e., 0 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM, 150 mM, and 200 mM were applied in four replications on 20 pots. Data on various growth and yield parameters were taken in four installments: 21, 42, 63, and 84 days after transplanting. Results showed that the highest values for various parameters were observed in the control group (2.34 mM base value), with notable figures including number of leaves (258.5), number of runners (126.75), petiole length (9.38 cm), chlorophyll content (41.62 SPAD value), fresh weight of leaves (23.92 g), dry weight of leaves (7.97 g), fresh weight of shoot (1.84 g), and dry weight of shoot (0.61 g) at 84 DAT. Conversely, fresh weight and dry weight of roots peaked at 150 mM salt concentration (1.95 g and 0.65 g, respectively). The investigations revealed that as salinity levels increased, a gradual decline in growth parameters was observed, indicating a significant reduction in the growth and yield of C. asiatica. These findings highlight the sensitivity of C. asiatica to salt stress and underscore the importance of salinity management for optimal growth and yield.

Revolutionizing onion preservation: A novel aerated storage approach

Abdullah-Al Muhit, Md. Hamidul Islam, Asmaul Husna, Ismot Zereen — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The second goal of sustainable development is ending hunger, achieving food security improving nutrition, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Improved storage system is a part of sustainable agriculture. This research aimed to design and develop an aerated storage system for onions and examined the extent of losses to assess the efficacy of the storage system. Unseasonal rainfall and adequate storage facilities result in quick sales and spoilage of onions. A huge amount of onion is damaged due to a lack of proper post-harvest actions like storage, transportation, temperature control, and humidity control in our country. In this study, 40 kg of onion inside the storage and 10 kilograms outside the storage were stored for four weeks from 12 October to 8 November to observe parameters like percentage of moisture loss, sprouting, deterioration, and marketable onion. Temperature as well as relative humidity was observed throughout storage. After completing the research, it was found that the appropriate temperature was 27˚C with 83% relative humidity resulting in minimum losses throughout four weeks of storage period. It was also observed that marketable onion bulbs for aerated storage systems was 97.536% on the other hand marketable onion bulbs for natural or open storage systems was 91.629% which was less than aerated storage systems. So, the aerated storage system is more effective for storing the onion than the natural or open storage system. Small-scale farmers will be benefited and the supply chain management will be maintained using this storage system. Additionally, stakeholders and families will benefit from reduced onion damage percentages when utilizing this storage solution.

Assessing drought tolerance in advance wheat genotypes using stress tolerance indices

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Wheat, an important crop of Nepal, is significantly affected by drought, leading to severe yield losses. Thus, an experiment was conducted to assess effect of drought on wheat traits and to identify drought resilient genotypes comparing stress tolerance indices. Altogether seventy-two genotypes including checks were evaluated under drought and non-stress condition in an alpha-lattice design with two replications at the research block of National Rice Research Program, Hardinath, Nepal during winter of 2019/20. Analysis of variance revealed significant genotypic differences (p<0.01) in traits such as days to heading, anthesis, and maturity, plant height, flag leaf area, spike length, grains per spike, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield under both conditions. The combined analysis of variance showed that genotype, environment, and their interaction significantly influenced most traits. The environment was the dominant factor, accounting for 86.2% of the variation in grain yield, followed by genotype (9.5%) and genotype-environment interaction (4.3%). Among the nine quantitative traits assessed, grain yield was most severely affected due to drought, experiencing a substantial reduction of 63%. To assess drought tolerance, six indices (TOL, SSI, MP, GMP, HMP, and STI) were calculated based on grain yield data. Most indices identified genotypes NL1373, NL1308, NL1407, BL4868, and BL4947 as highly drought-tolerant. Among the indices, MP, STI, and GMP were the most reliable for measuring stress tolerance due to their strong positive correlation with yield under both conditions. These identified genotypes are promising candidates for breeding programs aimed at developing drought-resilient wheat varieties, thereby enhancing food security in drought-affected regions.

Dominance of Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel on Ceratitis cosyra Walker (Diptera: Tephritidae) in orchards in Bujumbura, Burundi

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of this study was to investigate the population fluctuations of Bactrocera dorsalis and Ceratitis cosyra in mango, citrus, and mixed orchards in Bujumbura city. Data was collected from six sites from December 2018 and December 2019 using trapping methodology. Two attractants (methyeugenol and terpinyl acetate), insecticide (dichlorvos DDVP 70%) and
tephri traps were employed to attract and kill flies. The results indicate that B. dorsalis was more abundant in all sites (97.91%) than C. cosyra (2.09%). Fluctuation peaks for B. dorsalis were observed in April, October and December. A significant difference was noted in the monthly catches of both species (p<0.05). For C. cosyra, significant differences were observed in catches across all sites (p<0.05), whereas for B. dorsalis no such differences were found (p>0.05). The population fluctuations of B. dorsalis were observed during the maturation of mango and citrus fruits. B. dorsalis dominated in all sites.

Fish biodiversity status and threats of Chinadi Beel in Bangladesh

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study examined the fish fauna of Chinadi Beel in Bangladesh in terms of diversity, quantity, and state of conservation. A pre-tested questionnaire and a direct catch evaluation survey were employed to conduct the study in the beel. In the examined beel, a comprehensive count of 3,360 fish specimens, encompassing 52 distinct fish species from 8 orders and 19 families, was documented. Cypriniformes was identified as the dominating order among the 8 orders examined, accounting for 51.49% of the total. Out of 52 fish species about 31 least concern (59.61%), 8 endangered (15.38%), 6 vulnerable (11.54%), 6 near threatened (11.54%) and 1 critically endangered (1.92%) species were observed according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature. The study utilized population diversity indices, specifically the
Shannon-Weiner diversity index (H'), Margalef species richness (d), Pielou's evenness index (J'), and Simpson dominance index (c), to assess the species diversity, richness, and evenness of fish which value were found to be 2.50, 4.30, 0.90, and 0.30, respectively. Chinadi Beel has the capacity to function as a significant reservoir of fishing resources and a repository of genetic information for many fish species. However, the present study emphasized several anthropogenic and environmental issues, such as unregulated fishing, agricultural pollutants, illegal or harmful fishing, the construction of infrastructure for development, and climate change. Hence, it is highly recommended to implement ecosystem-based fisheries management that actively involves the local population in order to guarantee the long-term preservation of these water bodies.

Impact of IPM training on pest management practices in major vegetables in Palpa, Nepal

Mamata Adhikari, Sapana Acharya, Pankaj Raj Dhital — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

A study assessed the impact of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) training on pest management practices in major vegetable crops in Palpa district. A total of 138 respondents were selected through purposive random sampling from Tansen municipality and the rural municipalities of Bagnaskali and Ribdikot. Data was collected via semi-structured interviews on prevailing IPM practices, pesticide handling, and challenges in IPM adoption. The analysis, employing descriptive and inferential statistics including chi-square tests, revealed that most trained respondents were from Tansen municipality, with more females than males receiving training. Although respondents preferred botanical methods, they predominantly used chemical pesticides due to availability, lack of biopesticides, high costs of IPM, social constraints, and the absence of block farming. Agro-vet stores were the main information source on pesticides. The level of pest control influenced chemical pesticide purchases, with low awareness of pest resistance. Both trained and non-trained respondents sprayed pesticides during pest outbreaks, with few reporting symptoms from exposure. Trained respondents exhibited greater awareness of the impacts of chemical pesticides on beneficial insects and soil health, the importance of waiting periods, safe pesticide disposal, and safety precautions. Significant associations were found between IPM training and chemical pesticide use, awareness of their impacts on beneficial insects, pesticide disposal methods, waiting periods, safety precautions, and perceptions of soil impact. The study highlighted the critical role of training in enhancing pest management practices and awareness of the adverse effects of chemical pesticides, underscoring the need for increased availability of biopesticides and support for IPM adoption.

Molecular identification of biosurfactant-producing bacteria obtained from oil-polluted soil samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Several human activities have led to environmental pollution with crude oil and other related hydrocarbons. There are various technologies of remediating oil-polluted environments, but the use of biological agents such as biosurfactants are widely practiced, and are generally considered as safe and eco-friendly. This study aimed at isolating and identifying biosurfactant-producing bacteria obtained from oil polluted soil samples in Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria using molecular techniques. Six waste oil-contaminated soil samples were collected from mechanic and generator repair workshops, and were analyzed using standard microbiological methods. Nine bacterial isolates were obtained from the waste oil-contaminated soil samples, and were suspected to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus. Molecular identification of the biosurfactant-producing isolates was also carried out using PCR and the genes responsible for biosurfactant production targeted. Oil spreading technique was used to detect the oil displacement activity (ODA) of the isolates. The emulsification index (E₂₄) was calculated and the ability of the extracted biosurfactant to emulsify the hydrocarbons was determined. Pseudomonas aeruginosa had the highest ODA of 28.1 cm while Staphylococcus aureus had the least ODA of 5 cm. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed E₂₄of 70.1%, Bacillus subtilis 57.1% while S. aureus showed 32.5%. Hence, Pseudomonas and Bacillus species have good potentials for biosurfactant production, and can be harnessed and utilized in the cleanup of oil polluted soil.

Enhancing rice yields through foliar application of essential micronutrients: A study on zinc, copper, and boron nutrition in context of Nepal

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Quantitative data on the effects of essential micronutrients—boron, zinc, and copper—on rice (Oryza sativa L.) are limited, which hampers optimized crop management strategies. This study aimed to enhance rice yields through the foliar application of these micronutrients. Conducted in 2022 at Gokuleshwor Agriculture and Animal Science College using a randomized complete block design with three replications, the research tested different combinations of these
elements on the local rice variety Kaljade. The treatments included: T₁ (control), T₂ (zinc), T₃ (copper), T₄ (boron), T₅ (Zn + Cu + B), T₆ (Zn + Cu), and T₇ (Zn + B), with doses of 5 kg/ha for zinc and 2 kg/ha each for boron and copper. The results demonstrated significant effects of the micronutrient treatments on all parameters studied. Notably, the combination of zinc, copper, and boron (Zn + Cu + B) led to the most favorable outcomes. This treatment resulted in the shortest maturity duration (116.3 days after transplanting), the highest number of tillers (22.5), and the tallest plant height (107.7 cm). Additionally, Zn + Cu + B produced the greatest leaf area index (0.0724), the highest number of grains per panicle (22.6), and the heaviest thousand-grain weight (21.83 g). Furthermore, Zn + Cu + B achieved the highest biological yield (12.35 t/ha) and grain yield (5.9 t/ha), markedly higher than the control treatment (4.12 t/ha). These findings highlight the significant role of zinc, copper, and boron in rice cultivation. The study underscores the potential of foliar application techniques to optimize micronutrient availability, thereby enhancing rice yields. For future agricultural practices in the study area, focusing on zinc, copper, and boron nutrition is crucial to further augment crop productivity and ensure food security.

Optimization doses of frozen maggot used as fish food for rearing stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis)

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

This study was performed to evaluate growth performance of stinging catfish, (Heteropneustes fossilis) by applying different dozes of frozen maggot meal as a protein source and fish meal replacer. The experiment was carried out in 28 days at the Wet laboratory, Department of Aquaculture and laboratory of the Department of Animal Nutrition, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. The experiment was carried out in 15 glass aquaria with five different treatments, each with three replications. The frozen maggot as feed for H. fossilis post-larvae production was designed where five different diets of only frozen larvae such as T₁ (larvae 20%, crude protein 11.20%), T₂ (larvae 40%, crude protein 22.40%), T₃ (larvae 60%, crude protein 33.60%) and T₄ (larvae 80%, crude protein 44.80%) and a control diet T₅ (crude protein 30%) made with fish meal as sole source of protein. It was observed that T₃ (Diet 3) had the significantly highest (p<0.05) final weight (1.55g), followed by T₅ (1.50g), T₂ (1.35g), T₄ (1.25g) and T₁ (1.16g). Specific growth rate, protein efficiency ratio, apparent protein utilization and survival rate were also significantly higher in T₃ than other treatments. It is recommended to use the frozen maggot meal as a protein source at a dose of 60% in diet and fish meal replacer, which will be cheaper and profitable to aquaculture sector of the world.

Potential of natural coagulants for bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater in sub-Saharan Africa: A review

Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) is a significant user of pesticides, relying on agriculture for economic development. Pesticides and agrochemicals contribute to the presence of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) in the environment. This review addresses knowledge gaps in monitoring and quantification of POPs, the application of natural coagulants for bioremediation, and associated environmental and health risks in SSA. Findings reveal inconsistencies in monitoring methods and analytes, hindering the identification of temporal trends. Legacy POPs show decreasing concentrations in soil/sediment and aquatic organisms, while some POPs increase in water, fish, fruits, and vegetables. Some river systems exceed acceptable ranges for PCBs according to USEPA standards. PFASs, particularly PFOA and PFOS, are prevalent. Natural coagulants, like Moringa oleifera and chitosan, are gaining popularity for water treatment due to their environmental sustainability and effectiveness in POP remediation. Trivalent cations in natural coagulants show promise for POP bioremediation. However, challenges remain in scaling up natural coagulant applications for commercial water treatment. This review highlights the need for standardized monitoring procedures and emphasizes the potential of natural coagulants in POP remediation efforts.

Sheath Blight of rice: A review of host plant interaction and disease management

Ganesh G.C., Puja Roka — Tue, 25 Jun 2024 00:00:00 +0000

The devastating pathogen Rhizoctonia solani, which is responsible for significant quality and production losses worldwide, is discussed in this review article along with the symptoms, disease cycle, epidemiology which causes sheath blight disease in rice. R. solani Kuhn, poses a significant threat to tropical Asia's rice production, potentially reducing grain yield by 50%. The article also emphasises the numerous management techniques, such as cultural, biological, and chemical controls. It is a severe production bottleneck in high yielding rice varieties under intensive rice production techniques, monoculture methods, a dense canopy, and extensive nitrogen management. Disease propagation in fields is influenced by air temperature, moisture content, and leaf wetness, with 16-25 C temperature range and 90% humidity favoring growth. Vertical and horizontal spread are influenced by these factors. The article provides comprehensive insight on host plant interaction of pathogen R. solani.