Effects of plant growth regulators on growth, flowering, fruiting and fruit yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.): A review
https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.050306
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the basic and applied aspects of different plant growth regulators in the regulation of growth and development of cucumber plants. The study is completely based on the use of secondary sources of data; related journals, government institutes, and relevant reports. Foliar application of PGRs has been shown to change the physiological and developmental processes, including plant vegetative growth, sex expression, yield, and yield components in cucumber. There are basically two types of growth regulators; plant growth promoters such as auxin, gibberellins, cytokinins, maleic hydrazide, ethephon, etc. and plant growth inhibitors such as ethylene, abscisic acids, dormins, etc. The combined use of auxins and gibberellins result in increased secondary growth. Maleic hydrazide (MH) along with Ethephon at 100 ppm each increases the number of nodes and primary branches. Ethrel at 300-400 ppm retards the secondary development and increase femaleness, and at 200-300 ppm make fruit surface smooth. Silver nitrate (AgNO3) at 400 ppm enhances the maleness in cucumber. Application of Ethephon at 300 ppm reduces the harvesting time of the fruit. Salicylic acid (at 2 doses of 0.07 mm/l + 0.18 mm/l) increases chlorophyll content and its exogenous application increases the fruit yield. Maleic Hydrazide (MH) alone at 100 ppm increases the femaleness, inhibits apical growth at 50-100 ppm, and increases fruit size at 200 ppm. Therefore, various auxin [indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), NAA], auxin transport inhibitor (TIBA), cytokinins (KIN), gibberellin [gibberellic acid (GA3)], ABA, ethylene [(2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethrel; ethephon; CEPA)] and growth retardant (MH) have been applied to control the vegetative growth and to maximize yield of cucumber. Numerous obstacles have hindered the quality cucumber production in Nepal; like environmental stresses, biotic and abiotic constraints, pest and disease outbreaks, and many others. The use of exogenous plant growth regulators has been crucial to Nepali cucumber producers as plant growth regulators has hasty effect on vegetative as well as the quality yield of plants. This study aims to reveal the suitable concentrations for the applications of growth regulators so that the use of such regulators is environmentally and toxicologically safe for both plants and the consumers.
Keywords:
Affected attributes, Cucumber, Climatic requirements, DosageDownloads
References
Ahmad, W., Awais, H.A. and Muzafar, S. (2019). Behavior of cucumber plants under the application of different growth regulators: A review. International Journal of Research Scholars (IJRS), 3(2): 16–19.
Al-Sanoussi, A.J. (1970). Effect of seed presoaking in gibberellic acid on cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plant growth, flowering, and yield. Journal of Scientific Agriculture, 3: 9–13, https://doi.org/10.25081/jsa.2019.v3.5278
Asghar, H., Wazir, F.K. and Suleman, A. (1990). Influence of growth promoting hormones on the growth, sex expression and production of Cucumis sativus. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 6(6): 563-569.
Bano, A., and Khokhar, K.M. (2009). Sex expression and level of phytohormones in monoecious cucumber as affected by plant growth regulators. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 25(2): 10–15.
Baset Mia, M.A., Islam, M.S. and Shamsuddin, Z.H. (2014). Altered sex expression by plant growth regulators: an overview in medicinal vegetable bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 8(8): 361–367, https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr10.032
Dalai, S., Singh, M.K. and Soni, S. (2020). Yield and yield traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as influenced by foliar application of plant growth regulators. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(3): 121–126, https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.903.015
Dalai, S., Singh, M.K., Singh, K., Kumar, M., Malik, S. and Kumar, V. (2015). Effect of foliar application of GA3 and NAA on growth, flowering, yield and yield attributes of cucumber [Cucumis sativus L.]). Annals of Horticulture, 8(2): 181-194, https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-4623.2015.00014.6
Greulach, V.A. and Atchison, E. (1953). Inhibition of mitosis in bean buds by maleic hydrazide. Botanical Gazette, 114(4), 478-479. https://doi.org/10.1086/335791
Growth substances (1986). In Nippon rinsho. Japanese journal of clinical medicine, 44(1).
Haifa. (2018). Crop guide: growing cucumbers. Retrieved June 22, 2020, from Pioneering the future: https://www.haifa-group.com/cucumber-fertilizer/crop-guide-growing-cucumbers
Hikosaka, S., and Sugiyama, N. (2015). Effects of exogenous plant growth regulators on yield, fruit growth, and concentration of endogenous hormones in gynoecious parthenocarpic cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Horticulture Journal, 84(4), 342–349, https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.MI-051
Hossain, D., Karim, M.A., Pramanik, M.H.R. and Rahman, A.S. (2006). Effect of gibberellic acid (GA 3) on flowering and fruit development of bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.). International Journal of Botany, 2(3): 329-332, https://doi.org/10.3923/ijb.2006.329.332
Imran, H., Zhang, Y., Du, G., Wang, G. and Zhang, J. (2007). Effect of salicylic acid (SA) on delaying fruit senescence of Huang Kum pear. Frontiers of Agriculture in China, 1(4): 456–459, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11703-007-0075-y
Jyoti, S., Patel, N.B. and Patel, J.B. (2016). Effect of growth regulators and stages of spray on seed yield and seed quality parameters of ridge gourd [Luffa acutangula (Roxb) L.]. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8(3): 1551–1555, https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i3.999
Kadi S.A., Asati, K.P., Barche, S. and Tulasigeri, R.G. (2018). Effect of different plant growth regulators on growth, yield and quality parameters in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under polyhouse condition. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 7(04): 3339–3352, https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.704.378
Kaur, A., Khurana, D. and Dhall, R. (2016). Sex modification in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under the influence of ethephon and maleic hydrazide. International Journal of Advanced Research, 4(11), 2199–2205, https://doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/2326
Khanal, S. (2020). Consumers' willingness, behaviors, and attitudes to pay a price premium for local organic foods in Nepal. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology, 5(3): 594-609, https://doi.org/10.22161/ijeab.53.11
Larqué-Saavedra, A. and Martin-Mex, R. (2007). Effects of salicylic acid on the bioproductivity of plants. Salicylic acid: a plant hormone. Dordrecht: Springer, 130: 15–23, https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-5184-0_2
Latimer, J.G. (2019). Growth retardants affect landscape performance of zinnia, impatiens, and marigold. HortScience, 26(5), 557–560, https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.557
Mariod, A.A., Mirghani, M.E. and Hussein, I. (2017). Cucumis sativus cucumber. Unconventional Oilseeds and Oil Sources, 16: 89-94, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809435-8.00016-0
Mir, Albely Afifa., Md. Abu Sadat., Md. Ruhul Amin and Md. Nazrul Islam. (2019). Plant growth regulators: one of the techniques of enhancing growth and yield of Bangladeshi local cucumber variety (Cucumis sativus). Plant Science Today, 6(2): 252–258, https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2019.6.2.534
Mukherjee, P.K., Nema, N.K., Maity, N. and Sarkar, B.K. (2013). Phytochemical and therapeutic potential of cucumber. Fitoterapia, 84(1): 227–236, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2012.10.003
Ouzounidou, Georgia., Anastasia G. and Parthena, P. (2008). Plant growth regulators treatments modulate growth, physiology and quality characteristics of Cucumis melo L. plants. 40(3): 1185–1193.
Pal, P., Yadav, K., Kumar, K. and Singh, N. (2016). Effect of gibberellic acid and potassium foliar sprays on productivity and physiological and biochemical parameters of parthenocarpic cucumber cv 'seven star F1'. Journal of Horticultural Research, 24(1): 93–100, https://doi.org/10.1515/johr-2016-0011
Prajapati, S., Jamkar, T. Singh, O.P., Raypuriya, N., Mandloi, R. and Jain, P.K. (2015). Plant growth regulators in vegetable production: An overview. Plant Archives, 15(2): 619–626.
Rajala, A. (2001). Plant growth regulator effects on spring cereal root and shoot growth. Agronomy Journal, 943: 936–943, https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj2001.934936x
Sahil, A.A.A.L. (2016). Effect of gibberellic and salicylic acids pre-soaking on seed germination attributes of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under induced salt stress. Cercetări Agronomice în Moldova. XLIX(165): 99-109, https://doi.org/10.1515/cerce-2016-0009
Sargent, B.J.A. (1965). The penetration of growth regulators into leaves. Annual Review of Plant physiology, 16: 1-12, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.16.060165.000245
Singh, M.K., Dalai, S., Singh, K.V., Kumar, M. and Lodhi, S.K. (2015). Sex modification and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as sex modification and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as influenced by different levels of auxins and gibberellins. HortFlora Research Spectrum, 4(4): 329-332.
Sotiroudis, G., Melliou, E., Sotiroudis, T.G. and Chinou, I. (2010). Chemical analysis, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of three Greek cucumber (Cucumis sativus) cultivars. Journal of Food Biochemistry, 34(SUPPL. 1): 61–78, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-4514.2009.00296.x
Sultan, S.M.E., Mohamed, M.F., Abd-Elrahim, G.H. and El-Basyouny, M.S.S. (2016). Growth and yield of cucumber plants derived from seeds pretreated with salicylic acid. Journal of Biology, Chemistry and Environmental Science, 11(1): 541–561.
Suthar, M.R., Malik, T.P., Arora, S.K., Singh, V.P., Bhatia, A.K. and Rakesh, M. (2007). Effect of pruning and ethrel sprays on sex-expression and sex-ratio in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) under protected conditions. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences, 36(1/2): 145-147
Tantasawat, P.A., Sorntip, A. and Pornbungkerd, P. (2015). Effects of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on growth, yield, and in vitro gynogenesis in cucumber. HortScience, 50(3): 374–382, https://doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.3.374
Thappa, M., Kumar, S. and Rafiq, R. (2011). Influence of plant growth regulators on morphological, floral and yield traits of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Kasetsart Journal - Natural Science, 45(2): 177–188.
Trebitsh, T., Rudich, J. and Riov, J. (1987). Auxin, biosynthesis of ethylene and sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Plant Growth Regulation, 5(2): 105–113, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00024738
Trichopoulou, A., Lagiou, P., Kuper, H. and Trichopoulos, D. (2000). Cancer and mediterranean dietary traditions. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 9(9): 869–873.
Yamasaki, S., Fujii, N. and Takahashi, H. (2000). The ethylene-regulated expression of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS genes in cucumber plants and their possible involvement with sex expression in flowers. Plant and Cell Physiology, 41(5): 608–616, https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/41.5.608
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
