Efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) based sewage treatment plant and its discharge impact on Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir, India
https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2020.0504013
Abstract
Dal Lake is the second largest and most beautiful Lake in the state of Jammu and Kashmir and is the major centre of tourist activities. Due to the continuous increase in the population, the generation of domestic wastewater also increased. The present study was carried out to assess the efficiency of Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR) based Sewage Treatment Plant (STP) located at Brari Numbal and its discharge impact on the physicochemical properties of Dal Lake. The sample was collected from the selected sampling sites (inlet and outlet of SBR based STP, upstream, confluence zone, and downstream of Dal Lake) for five months (November 2019 to March 2020) and analysed using the standard methodologies. The plant shows maximum removal efficiency for BOD (79.85%) although the effluent BOD was found above the standard limit. The minimum removal efficiency of the plant was observed in the case of pH (3.46%). The gain in the case of DO was observed +851.55%. All the sites of Dal Lake were found polluted but the confluence zone and downstream were more polluted in comparison to the upstream due to the discharge of STP outlet into Dal Lake with higher BOD and COD (21.39% increase in BOD, 43.29% increase in COD; 80.10% increase in iron, 65.61% increase in ammonical nitrogen, and 101% increase in phosphate concentration). Besides this, discharge of the huge quantity of untreated wastewater from the city into the lake is also responsible for the degraded water quality of Dal Lake. It can be concluded that efficiency of the plant was in moderate condition and it needs further modifications. This is the first study showing the impact of SBR-STP effluent on Dal Lake.
Keywords:
Anthropogenic sources, Confluence zone, Dal Lake, Physicochemical properties, Sequential Batch Reactor (SBR), Sewage Treatment Plant (STP)Downloads
References
Aguado, D., Montoya, T., Ferrer, J. and Seco, A. (2006). Relating ions concentration variations to conductivity variations in a sequencing batch reactor operated for enhanced biological phosphorus removal. Environmental Modelling & Software, 21(6): 845–851.
Akan, J.C., Abdulrahman, F.I., Dimari, G.A. and Ogugbuaja, V.O. (2008). Physico-chemical determination of pollutants in wastewater and vegetable samples along the Jakara wastewater channel in Kano Metropolis, Kano State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research, 23(1): 122–133.
APHA-AWWA-WPCF (2012). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22ndedn. Water Environment Federation Washington, DC.
Appavu, A., Thangavelu, S., Muthukannan, S., Jesudoss, J.S. and Pandi, B. (2016). Study of water quality parameters of cauvery river water in erode region. Journal of Global Biosciences, 5(9): 4556-4567.
Aziz, N.F.A., Ramli, N.A. and Hamid, M.F.A. (2019). Energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plant through aeration system. Desalination and Water Treatment, 156: 38–45.
Bhutiani, R. and Ahamad, F. (2018). Efficiency assessment of Sand Intermittent Filtration Technology for waste water Treatment. International Journal of Advance Research in Science and Engineering, 7(3): 412-421.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D.R., Kumar, R., Ram, K. and Ahamad, F. (2019). Impact assessment of sewage treatment plants’ effluent discharge on the quality of Ganga river at Haridwar, Uttarakhand. Journal of Mountain Research, (2): 77-83.
Bhutiani, R., Khanna, D.R., Shubham and Ahamad, F. (2016). Physico-chemical analysis of sewage water treatment plant at Jagjeetpur, Haridwar,
Uttarakhand. Environment Conservation Journal, 17(3): 133-142.
Bhutiani, R., Pratap, H., Ahamad, F., Kumar, P. and Kaushik P.D. (2017). Efficiency assessment of effluent treatment plant (ETP) treating an automobile industry effluent (SIDCUL) Haridwar. Environment Conservation Journal, 18(1&2): 95-102.
Castellet, L. and Molinos-Senante, M. (2016). Efficiency assessment of wastewater treatment plants: A data envelopment analysis approach integrating technical, economic, and environmental issues. Journal of Environmental Management, 167: 160-166.
CPCB (2007). Evaluation of Operation and Maintenance of Sewage Treatment Plants in India Central Pollution Board, Ministry of Environment and Forests. Available from http//: www.en.wikipedia.org/water pollution. Retrieved on 15-09-2013.
Deepa, R.S. and Ramachandra, T.V. (1999). Impact of Urbanization in the Interconnectivity Wetlands. Paper presented at the National Symposium on Remote sensing Applications for Natural Resources Retrospective, Indian Society of Remote Sensing, Bangalore, 19-21.
Ding, D., Feng, C., Jin, Y., Hao, C., Zhao, Y. and Suemura, T. (2011). Domestic sewage treatment in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with an intelligent controlling system. Desalination, 276: 260–265.
Ekama, G.A. and Marais, G.V.R. (1984). Nature of municipal wastewaters. Theory, design, and operation of nutrient removal activated sludge processes. Water Research Commission, Pretoria.
Fuentes, R., Molinos-Senante, M., Hernández-Sancho, F. and Sala-Garrido, R. (2020). Analysing the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants: The problem of the definition of desirable outputs and its solution. Journal of Cleaner Production, 121989, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121989
Gandiglio, M., Lanzini, A., Soto, A., Leone P. and Santarelli M. (2017). Enhancing the Energy efficiency of wastewater treatment plants through co-digestion and fuel cell systems. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 5: 70, https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2017.00070
Gargosova, H.Z. and Urminska, B. (2017). Assessment of the efficiency of wastewater treatment plant using Ecotoxicity tests. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26(1): 56-62.
Gautam, S.K., Sharma, D., Tripathi, J.K., Ahirwar, S. and Singh, S.K. (2013). A study of the effectiveness of sewage treatment plants in Delhi Region. Applied Water Science, 3: 57–65.
Ghehi, T.J., Mortezaeifar, S., Gholami, M., Kalantary, R.R. and Mahvi, A.H. (2014). Performance evaluation of enhanced SBR in simultaneous removal of nitrogen and phosphorous. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, 12:134, https ://doi.org/10.1186/s4020 1-014-0134-2
Gorecki, K. and Melcer, B. (2005). The effect of sewage treatment plant on nitrogen and phosphorus loads transported by the water river in the Oborniki- Skwierzyna stretch. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 155 (1-3).
Gucker, B. and Branus, M.T. (2005). Effects of wastewater treatment plant discharge on ecosystem structure and function of lowland streams. North American Benthological Society, 25(2): 313-329.
Habib, R.Z., Thiemann, T. and Al Kendi, R. (2020). Microplastics and wastewater treatment plants-A Review. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 12: 1-35, https://doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2020.121001
Howwarth, R.W., Billen, G., Swany, D., Towsend, A., Jaworski, N., Lajtha, K., Downing, J.A., Elmgren, R., Carco, N., Jordan, T., Berendse, F., Freney, J., Kudeyarov, V., Murdoch, P. and Zhao-Liang, Z. (1996). Regional nitrogen budget and riverine N and P fluxes for the drainages to the north Atlantoc Ocean: National and Human influences Biogeochemistry, 35: 75-139.
Jan, U. and Rafiq, S.K. (2012). Efficiency of STP, Hazratbal, J and K, India. Natural Sciences, 10(11): 195–198.
Johal, E., Walia, B.S., Saini, M.S. and Jha, M.K. (2014). Efficiency assessment and mathematical correlation development between BOD5 and other parameters in Jalandhar Sewage Treatment. International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology (IJIRSET), 3(6): 13088–13096.
Jones, A.B., Donohue, M.J., Uday, J. and Dennision, W.C. (2000). Assessing Ecological Impact of shrimp and sewage effluent: Biological indicators with standard water quality analysis. Estuarian, Coastal and Shelf Science, 52: 91-109.
Khan, A.A., Gaur, R.Z., Mehrotra, I., Diamantis, V., Lew, B. and Kazmi, A.A. (2014). Performance assessment of different STPs based on UASB followed by aerobic post treatment systems. Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering, https ://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336x-12-43
Khanna, D.R. and Bhutiani, R. (2008). Laboratory manual of water and Waste water Analysis. Daya Publishing House New Delhi -110002.
Koopman, B., Samuy, M. and Donnhue, M. (1990). Denitrification in a moving bed up flow sand filter. Water Environment Research, 62: 239
Kumar, V., Singh, J. and Chopra, A.K. (2018). Assessment of phytokinetic removal of pollutants of paper mill effluent using water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms). Environmental Technology, 39(21): 2781-2791.
Kumar, V., Kumar, S., Srivastava, S., Singh, J. and Kumar, P. (2018). Water quality of River Ganga with reference to physico-chemical and microbiological characteristics during Kanwar Mela 2017, at Haridwar, India: A case study. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 3(1): 58-63.
Kumar, V., Singh, J. and Kumar, P. (Eds.). (2020). Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies (Vol. 1). Agro Environ Media, Publication Cell of AESA, Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy. https ://doi.org/10.26832/aesa-2020-edcrs
Kushwah, R.K., Bajpai, A. and Malik, S. (2011). Characteristics of waste water in STP of Bhopal (India). Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6): 766–771.
Lamichhane, J., Upadhyaya, B.B., Chalise, N. and Makaju, S. (2011). Evaluation of waste water treatment units located at different parts of Nepal. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology, 12: 201–210.
Mahvi, A.H. (2008). Sequencing batch reactor: a promising technology in wastewater treatment. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health
Science & Engineering (IJEHSE), 5(2): 9–90.
Marti, E., Anmatell, J., Poch, M. and Sabater, F. (2012). Nutrient retention efficiency in streams receiving inputs from wastewater treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Quality, 33(1): 285-293.
Miller, K., Hooda, P.S. and Downward, S.R. (2010). The Impact of treated Sewage Wastewater discharge on the phosphorus levels and hydrology of two second order river flowing into the theams. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 27(5): 101-105.
Moldovan, A. and Nuca, I. (2019). Automation of Wastewater Treatment Plant. IEEE Conference paper, https://doi.org/10.1109/SIELMEN.2019.8905867
Morrision, G., Fatoki, O.S. and Ekberg, A. (2001). Assessment of the impact of point source pollution from the keisKammahoek Sewage Treatment plant on the Keiskamma river-pH, electrical conductivity, COD and nutrients. Water SA, 27: 475-480
Nathanson, J.A. (2003). Basic environmental technology—water supply, waste management and pollution control, 4th edn. Prentice, New Jersey. ISBN 81-203-2228-2
Ogunfowokan, A.O., Okoh, E.K., Adenuga, A.A. and Asubiojo, O.I. (2005). Assessment of the impact of point source pollution from a university sewage treatment oxidation pond on the receiving stream-a preliminary study. Journal of Applied Sciences, 6(1): 36–43.
Okoh, A.I. and Igbinosa, E.O. (2009). Impact of discharge wastewater effluents on the physio-chemical qualities of a receiving watershed in a typical community. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology (IJEST), 6 (2): 175-182.
Okoh, A.I., Odjadjare, E.E., Igbiosa, E.O. and Osode, A.N. (2007). Wastewater treatment plants as a source of microbial pathogens in receiving watershed. African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(25): 2932-2944.
Okoh, E.K., Ogunfowokan, A.O., Adenuga, A.A. and Asubiojo, O.I. (2005). An assessment of the impact of point source pollution from a university sewage oxidation pond on a receiving stream. Journal of Applied Science, 5(1): 36-43.
Patel, S., Rajor. A., Jain. B.P. and Patel, P. (2013). Performance evaluation of effluent treatment plant of textile wet processing industry: a case study of Narol textile cluster, Ahmedabad, Gujarat. International Journal of Innovative Science Engineering and Technology (IJISET), 2(4): 290–296.
Rajeb, A.B., Kallali, H., Saidi, N., Abidi, S., Jedidi, N. and Hassen, A. (2011). Physico-chemical and microbial characteristics performance in wastewater treated under aerobic reactor. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 7: 254–262.
Ram, K., Ramachandra, H., Mohan. M. and Vishalaksmi, Y. (2007). Limnological Studies on Kolaramma Lake Kolar, Karnataka. Environment and Ecology, 25(2): 364- 367.
Rizvi, H., Ahmad, N., Abbas, F., Bukhari, I.H., Yasar, A., Ali, S., Yasmeen, T. and Riaz. M. (2015). Start-up of UASB reactors treating municipal wastewater and effect of temperature/sludge age and hydraulic retention time (HRT) on its performance. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 8: 780–786.
Salunke, K.A., Bhave, P.P. and Mata, M.M. (2014). Performance status of common effluent treatment plant at Dombivati CETP. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology, 3(9): 48–52.
Santos, I.R., Costa, R.C., Freitos, U. and Fillmann, G. (2008). Influence of effluents from a wastewater treatment plant on nutrient distribution in a costal creek from southern Brazil. Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology, 51: 153-162.
Schilperooet, R.P., Gruber, G., Flamink, C.M. and Clemens, R.R. (2006). Tempe and conductivity as a control parameter for pollution. Water Science and Technology, 7(4): 112-115.
Sharma, P., Khitoliya, R.K. and Kumar, S. (2013). A comparative study of sewerage treatment plants with different technologies in the vicinity of Chandigarh city. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT), 4(5): 113–121.
Showkat, U. and Najar, I.A. (2019). Study on the efficiency of sequential batch reactor (SBR)-based sewage treatment plant. Applied Water Science, 9: 2, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0882-8
Singh, S. and Varshney, M. (2013). Evaluation of functioning of waste water treatment plant at Chandramati Education Society, Jaipur: a case study. Asian Journal of Applied Sciences, 2(2): 127–139.
Spanhaff, B., Bishchof, R., Bohme, A., Larenz, S., Neumeister, K., Nothlich, A. and Kusel, K. (2006). Assessing the impact of effluent from a modern wastewater treatment plant on breakdown of course particulate organic matter and benthic invertebrates in a lowland river. Water, Air and Soil
Pollution, 180 (1-4): 119-129.
Tian, W.D., Li, W.G., Zhang, H., Kang, X.R. and Van Loosdrecht, M. (2011). Limited filamentous bulking in order to enhance integrated nutrient removal and effluent quality. Water Research, 45: 4877–4884.
Trivedy, R.K. Goel, P.K. (1986). Chemical and biological methods for water pollution studies. Environmental publications, 1-250.
Ukpong, E.C. (2013). Performance evaluation of Activated Sludge waste water treatment plant (ASWTP) at QIT, Ibeno local government area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria. International Journal of Engineering Science, 2(7): 1–13.
Von Sperling, M. (1996). Design of facultative pond based on uncertainty analysis. Water Science and Technology, 33(7): 41–47.
Wakode, P.N. and Sayyad, S.U. (2016). Performance evaluation of 25MLD sewage treatment plant (STP) at Kalyan. American journal of Engineering Research (AJER), 3(3): 310–316.
Wani, M.A., Dutta, A. Wani, M.A. and Wani, U.J. (2014). Towards Conservation of World-Famous Dal Lake – A Need of Hour. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), 01(01): 24-30.
Wani, Y.H., Jatayan, M., Kumar, S. and Ahmad, S. (2016). Assessment of Water Quality of Dal Lake, Srinagar by Using Water Quality Indices. Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 10(7): 95-101.
Wenzel, M.C. and Ekama, G.A. (1997). Principles in the design of single sludge activated sludge systems for biological removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. In: CEBEDOC (ed) La dephosphataiondes eaux use, Belgium, 8(4): 13–26.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2020 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
