Effect of seasonal variations on the physicochemical characteristics of spring water in Oji River LGA, Enugu State Nigeria
https://doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2022.0701012
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effect of seasonal variations on the physicochemical characteristics of spring water samples in Oji River Local Government Area of Enugu State, Nigeria. Water samples were collected in sterile plastic water containers at the point of discharge during the dry and wet seasons and analyzed physicochemically using the standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. The results showed that the colour (7-14.2 TCU); pH (7.18-8.4); temperature (24.6-28.1 oC); electrical conductivity in wet season (128.5-285.6 µs/cm); total dissolved solids (114.7-401 mg/L); total suspended solids (101.8-423.6 mg/L); total hardness (58-255 mg/L); total acidity (3.55-19.5 mg/L); total alkalinity (9.2-47 mg/L); biological oxygen demand (1.70-3.28 mg/L); nitrate (0.73-2.23 mg/L); ammonium in wet season (0.18-0.34 mg/L); zinc (0.011-0.085 mg/L); mercury (0.001-0.005 mg/L); copper (0.002-1.008 mg/L) and iron (0.031-0.318 mg/L) of water were within the WHO standard for drinking water quality while the phosphate (0.14-1.08 mg/L), lead (0.013-0.098 mg/L) and ammonium in dry season (0.48-0.75 mg/L) levels were not found within the prescribed limit of WHO drinking water standards. Therefore, this investigation indicated that the spring water is unfit for drinking without adequate treatment. Liming, boiling and ozonation treatment techniques are recommended for the treatment of water.
Keywords:
Dry season, Oji River, Seasonal variation, Spring water, Wet seasonDownloads
References
Adong, F. G. (2001). Laboratory methods manual, analytical work instruction, volume 1.
Agah, V. M., Oko, C., Udu-Ibiam, E. O., Nwachi, A. C., Okonkwo, E. C., & Okafor, C. O. (2018). Microbiological qualities of natural spring water in Enugu and Ebonyi States, SouthEast Nigeria. IDOSR Journal of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2(1), 1–7, http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29215.00160
Akubuenyi, F. C., Enyi-Ido, & Utta, E. C. (2013). Microbiological and physicochemical assessment of major sources of water for domestic uses in Calabar metropolis. Transnational Journal of Science and Technology, 3(2), 31–44.
American Public Health Association (2017). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 23rd Edn. APHA, AWWA and WEF, Washington D.C. pp 80–82.
Berglind, O. T. T., & Viggo, T. M. (2013). Microbiological and physicochemical analysis of three diverse natural geothermal bathing pools in Iceland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 10, 1085–1099, http://doi.org/10.3390/Ijerph10031085
Bernard, E., & Ayeni, N. (2012). Physicochemical analysis of groundwater samples of Bichi Local Government Area of Kano State, Nigeria. World Environment, 2(6), 116–119, http://doi.org/5923/j.env.20120206.02
Chadne, S. J. (2014). Physicochemical parameters of the drinking water of some villages of Yavatural district, Maharashtra, India. Journal of Science Research and Studies, 3, 1–4.
Chandra, S., Singh, P. K., & Kumar, T. A. (2011). Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of various river water of India. E-Journal of Chemistry, 8(4), 1546–1555, http://doi.org/10.1155/2011/430232s
Chindo, I. Y., Karu, E., Ziyok, I., & Amanki, E. D. (2013). Physicochemical analysis of groundwater of selected areas of Dass and Ganjuwa Local Government Area, Bauchi State, Nigeria. World Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 1(4), 73–79. http://doi.org/10.12691/wjac-1-4-6
Edbert, D. C., Sandra, A. U., & Ebere, E. C. (2017). Storage and its effect on chemical quality indicators in sachet water brands sold in Owerri Municipal. Journal of World News of Natural Sciences, 12, 73–81.
Edet, E. J., Etim, E. E., & Titus, O. M. (2012). Bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of stream water in Nduetong Oku Community, Uyo. International Journal of Modern Chemistry, 3(1), 65–67.
Essumang, D.K., Senu, J., Fianko, J., Nyarko, B., Adokoh, C., & Boamponsem, L. (2011). Groundwater quality assessment: Physicochemical properties of drinking water in rural setting of developing countries. Canadian Journal on Scientific and Industrial Research, 2(3), 102–126.
Gopalkrushna, M. H. (2011). Assessment of physicochemical status of groundwater samples in Akot city. Research Journal of Chemical Sciences, 1(4), 117–124.
Gupta, N., Pandey, P., & Hussain, J. (2017). Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of River Water of Narmada Madhya Pradesh, India. Water Science, 31, 11–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsj.2017.03.002
Jaji, M. O., Bangbose, O., Odukoya, O. O., & Arowlo, T. A. (2007). Water quality assessment of Ogun River, South West, Nigeria. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 133(1–3), 447–482, https//doi.org/10.1007/s/0661-006-9602-1
Kataria, H.C., Gupta, M.., Kumar, M., Kushwaha, S., Kashyap, S., Trivedi, S., Bhadoriya, R., & Bandewar, N.K. (2011). Study of physicochemical parameters of drinking water of Bhopal City with reference to health impacts. Current World Environment, 6(1), 95–99, http://doi.org/10.12944/CWE.6.1.13
Krishna, P., Jayashnakar, M., & Shankar, H. (2011). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters of Kaveri River, India. National Monthly Refereed Journal of Research in Science and Technology, 1(6), 12–13.
Longe, E., & Balogun, M. (2010). Groundwater assessment near a municipal landfill in Lagos, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2(1), 39–44.
Onuorah, S. C., Ndumdi, D. O., & Okoye, P. A. C. (2020). Effects of seasonal variation on the physicochemical characteristics of Iyifeyi stream in Ugwobi-Abbi, Enugu State Nigeria. Environment and Ecology Research, 8(3), 76–84, http://doi.org/10.13189/eer.2020.080303
Paschke, S.S., Harrison, W.J., & Walton-Day, K. (2001). Effects of acid research on groundwater at the St. Kelvin Gulch site, Leadville, Colorado. Geochemistry Exploration, Environment and Analysis, 1(1), 3–14, http://doi.org/10.1144/geochem.1.1.3
Saana, S.B.B., Fosu, S.A., Sebiawu, G.E., Jackson, N., & Karikan, T. (2016). Assessment of the quality of groundwater for drinking purposes in the Upper West and Northern regions of Ghana. Springerplus, 5, 20–27, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-3676-1
Shawai, S. A. A., Kutama, R. M., Abubakar, B. B., & Muazu, J. (2018). Evaluation of physicochemical characteristics of groundwater from selected areas of Unguwa Uku, Kano metropolitan, North Western Nigeria. International Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 6(1), 8–12,
https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijbmr.20180601.12
Shittu, O. B., Olaitan, J. O., & Amusa, T. S. (2008). Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of water used for drinking and swimming purposes in Abeokuta, Nigeria. African Journal of Biomedical Research, 11, 285–296, https://doi.org/10.4314/ajbr.v//i3.50739
Uduousoro, I., & Umoren, I. (2014). Assessment of surface and groundwater quality. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, 4(6), 11–16.
Ukpong, E. C., & Peter, B. U. (2012). Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of drinking water in Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Nigerian Journal of Technology, 31(2), 116–117.
World Health Organization (2003). Guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th Edn. WHO Press, Geneva, Switzerland. pp 8–17.
World Health Organization (2004). Guidelines for drinking water quality recommendation. WHO.1:130.
World Health Organization (2006). Guidelines for drinking water quality: first addendum to (Vol. 1, 3rd Edn.). Recommendation, Geneva Switzerland. pp. 22–48.
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
Copyright (c) 2022 Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
